BIOCRYST PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. The following Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A") is intended to help the reader understand our results of operations and financial condition. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our audited financial statements and the accompanying notes to the financial statements and other disclosures included in this report (including the "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this report and the "Risk Factors" section in Part I, Item 1A of this report).
Overview
We are a commercial-stage biotechnology company that discovers novel, oral,
small-molecule medicines. We focus on oral treatments for rare diseases in which
significant unmet medical needs exist and an enzyme plays the key role in the
biological pathway of the disease. We integrate the disciplines of biology,
crystallography, medicinal chemistry, and computer modeling to discover and
develop small molecule pharmaceuticals through the process known as
structure-guided drug design. In addition to these discovery and development
efforts, our business strategy includes the efficient commercialization of these
drugs in the
Our marketed products include oral, once-daily ORLADEYO® for the prevention of
hereditary angioedema ("HAE") attacks and RAPIVAB® (peramivir injection) for the
treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in
Our revenues are difficult to predict and depend on several factors, including those discussed in the "Risk Factors" section in Part I, Item 1A of this report. For example, our revenues depend, in part, on regulatory approval decisions for our products and product candidates, the effectiveness of our and our collaborative partners' commercialization efforts, market acceptance of our products, particularly ORLADEYO, the resources dedicated to our products by us and our collaborative partners, and ongoing discussions with government agencies regarding contract awards for development and procurement, as well as entering into, or modifying, licensing agreements for our product candidates. Furthermore, revenues related to our collaborative development activities are dependent upon the progress toward and the achievement of developmental milestones by us or our collaborative partners.
Our operating expenses are also difficult to predict and depend on several factors, including research and development expenses (and whether these expenses are reimbursable under government contracts), drug manufacturing, and clinical research activities, the ongoing requirements of our development programs, the costs of commercialization, the availability of capital and direction from regulatory agencies, which are difficult to predict, and the factors discussed in the "Risk Factors" section in Part I, Item 1A of this report. Management may be able to control the timing and level of research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses, but many of these expenditures will occur irrespective of our actions due to contractually committed activities and/or payments.
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As a result of these factors, we believe that period-to-period comparisons are not necessarily meaningful, and you should not rely on them as an indication of future performance. Due to the foregoing factors, it is possible that our operating results will be below the expectations of market analysts and investors. In such event, the prevailing market price of our common stock could be materially adversely affected.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The accompanying discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results
of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements and the
related disclosures, which have been prepared in accordance with
Recent Corporate Highlights
COVID-19
The outbreak of COVID-19 has severely impacted global economic activity and caused significant volatility in financial markets. To date, our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity have not been materially impacted by the direct effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Please refer to "Risk Factors?Risks Relating to Our Business?Risks Relating to COVID-19" in Part I, Item 1A of this report for a discussion of COVID-19 risks as they relate to our business. We are continuing to monitor developments with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic and to make adjustments as needed to assist in protecting the safety of our employees and communities while continuing our business activities. Our remote working arrangements continue to be flexible where it is both practical and possible for the business. Business-related travel has increased, and we will continue to monitor developments with respect to COVID-19 going forward. To date, implementation of specific COVID-19 measures has not required material expenditures or significantly impacted our ability to operate our business or our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. We continue to monitor the potential impacts of COVID-19 on our operations and those of our partners, suppliers, customers, and regulators.
ORLADEYO (berotralstat)
ORLADEYO is an oral, once-daily therapy discovered and developed by us for the
prevention of HAE attacks. Approved first by the FDA in the
On
We built out our
Revenue from sales of ORLADEYO in 2021, which was our first full year of
ORLADEYO sales, is discussed under "Results of Operations." Revenue from sales
of ORLADEYO in future periods is subject to uncertainties and will depend on
several factors, including the success of our and our partners'
commercialization efforts in the
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Complement-Mediated Diseases
BCX9930 is a novel, oral, potent, and selective small molecule inhibitor of Factor D discovered by the Company and currently in clinical development for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases. Based on the safety and proof-of-concept ("PoC") data generated to date in patients with PNH, the program has advanced to pivotal studies of oral BCX9930 (500 mg twice-daily) in PNH and to a proof-of-concept trial of oral BCX9930 (500 mg twice-daily) in renal complement-mediated diseases. We are working closely with key opinion leaders in hematology and nephrology to map the advanced development strategy across a broad set of indications. Our goal is to develop BCX9930 as a monotherapy for complement-mediated diseases.
On
On
On
Financing Transactions
Royalty Monetizations. On
Sales of Common Stock. On
Amendment to Credit Agreement. On
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Results of Operations
The discussion below presents a summary of our results of operations for fiscal
years 2021 and 2020. See Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis
of Financial Condition and Results of Operations?Results of Operations" of our
Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended
Year Ended
For the year ended
Cost of product sales for the years ended
R&D expenses increased to
The following table summarizes our R&D expenses for the periods indicated (amounts are in thousands). Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the total R&D expenses.
2021 2020 2019
R&D expenses by program:
Berotralstat $ 30,559 $ 44,329 $ 57,059
Factor D Program 132,267 35,265 26,640
FOP 2,840 2,583 6,167
Galidesivir 5,740 9,705 4,680
Peramivir 1,245 1,613 2,143Other research, preclinical and development costs 36,157 29,469 10,379 Total R&D expenses
$ 208,808 $ 122,964 $ 107,068
R&D expenses include all direct and indirect expenses and are allocated to specific programs at the point of development of a lead product candidate. Direct expenses are charged directly to the program to which they relate, and indirect expenses are allocated based upon internal direct labor hours dedicated to each respective program. Direct expenses consist of compensation for R&D personnel and costs of outside parties to conduct laboratory studies, develop manufacturing processes, manufacture the product candidates, conduct and manage clinical trials, as well as other costs related to our clinical and preclinical studies. Indirect R&D expenses consist of lab supplies and services, facility expenses, depreciation of development equipment and other overhead of our research and development efforts. R&D expenses vary according to the number of programs in clinical development and the stage of development of our clinical programs. Later stage clinical programs tend to cost more than earlier stage programs due to the longer length of time of the clinical trials and the higher number of patients enrolled in these clinical trials.
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SG&A expenses for the year ended
Interest expense for the year ended
A gain of
For the year ended
For the year ended
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our operations have principally been funded through public offerings and private
placements of equity securities; cash from collaborative and other research and
development agreements, including
On
Our Credit Agreement with Athyrium provides for three term loans. We received
the proceeds from the
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As of
We intend to contain costs and cash flow requirements by closely managing our third-party costs and headcount, leasing scientific equipment and facilities, contracting with other parties to conduct certain research and development projects, and using consultants. We expect to incur additional expenses, potentially resulting in significant losses, as we continue to pursue our research and development activities, commercialize ORLADEYO, and hire additional personnel. We may incur additional expenses related to the filing, prosecution, maintenance, defense, and enforcement of patent and other intellectual property claims and additional regulatory costs as our clinical programs advance through later stages of development. The objective of our investment policy is to ensure the safety and preservation of invested funds, as well as to maintain liquidity sufficient to meet cash flow requirements. We place our excess cash with high credit quality financial institutions, commercial companies, and government agencies in order to limit the amount of our credit exposure. We have not realized any significant losses on our investments.
We plan to finance our needs principally from the following:
? lease, royalty, or loan financing and future public or private equity and/or
debt financing;
? our existing capital resources and interest earned on that capital;
? revenues from product sales;
? payments under existing, and executing new, contracts with the U.S.
Government ; and
? payments under current or future collaborative and licensing agreements with
corporate partners.
As our commercialization activities and research and development programs continue to advance, our costs will increase. Our current and planned clinical trials, plus the related development, manufacturing, regulatory approval process requirements, and additional personnel resources and testing required for the continuing development of our product candidates and the commercialization of our products will consume significant capital resources and will increase our expenses.
Our expenses, revenues and cash utilization rate could vary significantly
depending on many factors, including our ability to raise additional capital,
the development progress of our collaborative agreements for our product
candidates, the amount and timing of funding we receive from existing
Based on our expectations for revenue, operating expenses and the additional
Our long-term capital requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend upon many factors, including:
? market acceptance of approved products and successful commercialization of
such products by either us or our partners;
? our ability to perform under our government contracts and to receive
reimbursement and stockpiling procurement contracts;
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? the magnitude of work under our government contracts;
? the progress and magnitude of our research, drug discovery and development
programs;
? changes in existing collaborative relationships or government contracts;
? our ability to establish additional collaborative relationships with academic
institutions, biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies and governmental
agencies or other third parties;
? the extent to which our partners, including governmental agencies, will share
in the costs associated with the development of our programs or run the
development programs themselves;
? our ability to negotiate favorable development and marketing strategic
alliances for certain products and product candidates;
? any decision to build or expand internal development and commercial
capabilities;
? the scope and results of preclinical studies and clinical trials to identify
and develop product candidates;
? our ability to engage sites and enroll subjects in our clinical trials;
? the scope of manufacturing of our products to support our commercial
operations and of our product candidates to support our preclinical research
and clinical trials;
? increases in personnel and related costs to support the development and
commercialization of our products and product candidates;
? the scope of manufacturing of our drug substance and product candidates
required for future NDA filings;
? competitive and technological advances;
? the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals;
? post-approval commitments for ORLADEYO, RAPIVAB, and other products that
receive regulatory approval; and
? the costs involved in all aspects of intellectual property strategy and
protection, including the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting,
maintaining, defending, and enforcing patent claims.
We expect that we will be required to raise additional capital to complete the
development and commercialization of our current products and product
candidates, and we may seek to raise capital in the future, including to take
advantage of favorable opportunities in the capital markets. Additional funding,
whether through additional sales of equity or debt securities, collaborative or
other arrangements with corporate partners or from other sources, including
governmental agencies in general and existing government contracts specifically,
may not be available when needed or on terms acceptable to us. The issuance of
preferred or common stock or convertible securities, with terms and prices
significantly more favorable than those of the currently outstanding common
stock, could have the effect of diluting or adversely affecting the holdings or
rights of our existing stockholders. In addition, collaborative arrangements may
require us to transfer certain material rights to such corporate partners.
Insufficient funds may require us to delay, scale back or eliminate certain of
our research and development programs. Our future working capital requirements,
including the need for additional working capital, will be largely determined by
the advancement of our portfolio of product candidates and the commercialization
of ORLADEYO, as well as the rate of reimbursement by
The restrictive covenants contained in our Credit Agreement could cause us to be
unable to pursue business opportunities that we or our stockholders may consider
beneficial without the lender's permission or without repaying all obligations
outstanding under the Credit Agreement. These covenants limit our ability to,
among other things, grant certain types of liens on our assets; make certain
investments; incur or assume certain debt, including accessing additional
tranches of debt under the Credit Agreement; engage in certain mergers,
acquisitions, and similar transactions; dispose of assets; license certain
property; distribute dividends; make certain restricted payments; change the
nature of our business; engage in transactions with affiliates and insiders;
prepay other indebtedness; or engage in sale and leaseback transactions. A
breach of any of these covenants could result in an event of default under the
Credit Agreement. As of
Financial Outlook for 2022
Based on the strength of the ORLADEYO launch, and continued growth from new
patient demand anticipated throughout the year, we expect full year 2022 net
ORLADEYO revenue to be no less than
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Critical Accounting Policies
We have established various accounting policies that govern the application of
While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in "Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies and Concentrations of Risk" to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this report, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results and affect the more significant judgments and estimates that we use in the preparation of our financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
Pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, we recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this core principle, Topic 606 includes provisions within a five step model that includes (i) identifying the contract with a customer, (ii) identifying the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determining the transaction price, (iv) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations, and (v) recognizing revenue when, or as, an entity satisfies a performance obligation.
At contract inception, we identify the goods or services promised within each contract, assess whether each promised good or service is distinct, and determine those that are performance obligations. We recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when the performance obligation is satisfied.
Product Sales, Net
Our principal sources of product sales are sales of ORLADEYO, which we began
shipping to patients in
We recognize revenue for sales when our customers obtain control of the product, which generally occurs upon delivery. For ORLADEYO, we classify payments to our specialty pharmacy customer for certain services provided by our customer as selling, general and administrative expenses to the extent such services provided are determined to be distinct from the sale of our product.
Net revenue from sales of ORLADEYO is recorded at net selling price (transaction price), which includes estimates of variable consideration for which reserves are established for (i) estimated government rebates, such as Medicaid and Medicare Part D reimbursements, and estimated managed care rebates, (ii) estimated chargebacks, (iii) estimated costs of co-payment assistance programs and (iv) product returns. These reserves are based on the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales and are classified as reductions of accounts receivable or as a current liability. Overall, these reserves reflect our best estimates of the amount of consideration to which it is entitled based on the terms of the applicable contract. The amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the net sales price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. Actual amounts of consideration ultimately received may differ from our estimates. If actual results in the future vary from estimates, we adjust these estimates, which would affect net product revenue and earnings in the period such variances become known.
Government and Managed Care Rebates. We contract with government agencies and managed care organizations or, collectively, third-party payors, so that ORLADEYO will be eligible for purchase by, or partial or full reimbursement from, such third-party payors. We estimate the rebates we will provide to third-party payors and deduct these estimated amounts from total gross product revenues at the time the revenues are recognized. We estimate the rebates that we will provide to third-party payors based upon (i) our contracts with these third-party payors, (ii) the government mandated discounts applicable to government-funded programs, (iii) a range of possible outcomes that are probability-weighted for the estimated payor mix, and (iv) product distribution information obtained from our specialty pharmacy.
Chargebacks. Chargebacks are discounts that occur when certain contracted customers, pharmacy benefit managers, insurance companies and government programs purchase directly from our specialty pharmacy. These customers purchase our products under contracts negotiated between them and our specialty pharmacy. The specialty pharmacy, in turn, charges back to us the difference between the price the specialty pharmacy paid and the negotiated price paid by the contracted customers, which may be higher or lower than the specialty pharmacy purchase price with us. We estimate chargebacks and adjust gross product revenues and accounts receivable based on the estimates at the time revenues are recognized.
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Co-payment assistance and patient assistance programs. Patients who have commercial insurance and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co-payment assistance. Based upon the terms of the program and co-payment assistance utilization reports received from the specialty pharmacy, we are able to estimate the co-payment assistance amounts, which are recorded in the same period in which the related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction of product revenue. We also offer a patient assistance program that provides free drug product, for a limited period of time, to allow a patient's insurance coverage to be established. Based on patient assistance program utilization reports provided by the specialty pharmacy, we record gross revenue of the product provided and a full reduction of the revenue amount for the free drug discount.
Product returns. We do not provide contractual return rights to our customer, except in instances where the product is damaged or defective. Non-acceptance by the patient of shipped drug product by the specialty pharmacy is reflected as a reversal of sales in the period in which the sales were originally recorded. Reserves for estimated non-acceptances by patients are recorded as a reduction of revenue in the period that the related revenue is recognized, as well as a reduction to accounts receivable. Estimates of non-acceptance are based on quantitative information provided by the specialty pharmacy.
We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Revenue is measured at the transaction price that is based on the amount of consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to the customer. The transaction price includes estimates of variable consideration to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue recognized will not occur.
We have collaboration and license agreements with a number of third parties as well as research and development agreements with certain government entities.
Our primary sources of revenue from these collaborative and other research and development arrangements are license, service and royalty revenues.
Revenue from license fees, royalty payments, milestone payments, and research and development fees are recognized as revenue when the earnings process is complete and we have no further continuing performance obligations or we have completed the performance obligations under the terms of the agreement.
Arrangements that involve the delivery of more than one performance obligation are initially evaluated as to whether the intellectual property licenses granted by us represent distinct performance obligations. If they are determined to be distinct, the value of the intellectual property licenses would be recognized up-front while the research and development service fees would be recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. For performance obligations based on services performed, we measure progress using an input method based on the effort we expend or costs we incur toward the satisfaction of the performance obligation in relation to the total estimated effort or costs. Variable consideration is assessed at each reporting period as to whether it is not subject to significant future reversal and, therefore, should be included in the transaction price at the inception of the contract. If a contract includes a fixed or minimum amount of research and development support, this also would be included in the transaction price. Changes to collaborations, such as the extensions of the research term or increasing the number of targets or technology covered under an existing agreement, are assessed for whether they represent a modification or should be accounted for as a new contract. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling prices are based on observable prices at which we separately sell the products or services. If a standalone selling price is not directly observable, then we estimate the standalone selling price using either an adjusted market assessment approach or an expected cost plus margin approach, representing the amount that we believe the market is willing to pay for the product or service. Analyzing the arrangement to identify performance obligations requires the use of judgment, and each may be an obligation to deliver services, a right or license to use an asset, or another performance obligation.
Milestone payments are recognized as licensing revenue upon the achievement of specified milestones if (i) the milestone is substantive in nature and the achievement of the milestone was not probable at the inception of the agreement; and (ii) we have a right to payment. Any milestone payments received prior to satisfying these revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue.
Reimbursements received for direct out-of-pocket expenses related to research and development costs are recorded as revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss rather than as a reduction in expenses. Under our contracts with BARDA/HHS and NIAID/HHS, revenue is recognized as reimbursable direct and indirect costs are incurred.
Under certain of our license agreements, we receive royalty payments based upon our licensees' net sales of covered products. Royalties are recognized at the later of when (i) the subsequent sale or usage occurs; or (ii) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been satisfied.
Inventory
Our inventories primarily relate to ORLADEYO. Additionally, our inventory includes RAPIVAB and peramivir, which are manufactured for the Company's partners.
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We value our inventories at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. We determine the cost of our inventories, which includes amounts related to materials, labor, manufacturing overhead and shipping and handling costs on a first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis. Raw materials and work-in-process includes all inventory costs prior to packaging and labeling, including raw material, active product ingredient, and drug product. Finished goods include packaged and labeled products.
Our inventories are subject to expiration dating. We regularly evaluate the carrying value of our inventories and provide valuation reserves for any estimated obsolete, short-dated or unmarketable inventories. In addition, we may experience spoilage of our raw materials and supplies. Our determination that a valuation reserve might be required, in addition to the quantification of such reserve, requires us to utilize significant judgment.
We expense costs related to the production of inventories as research and development expenses in the period incurred until such time it is believed that future economic benefit is expected to be recognized, which generally is upon receipt of regulatory approval. Upon regulatory approval, we capitalize subsequent costs related to the production of inventories.
Accrued Expenses
We enter into contractual agreements with third-party vendors who provide research and development, manufacturing, distribution, and other services in the ordinary course of business. Some of these contracts are subject to milestone-based invoicing, and services are completed over an extended period of time. We record liabilities under these contractual commitments when we determine an obligation has been incurred. This accrual process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to us. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued expenses include (i) fees paid to clinical research organizations ("CROs") in connection with preclinical and toxicology studies and clinical trials; (ii) fees paid to investigative sites in connection with clinical trials; (iii) fees paid to contract manufacturers in connection with the production of our raw materials, drug substance, drug products, and product candidates; and (iv) professional fees.
We base our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we will adjust the accrual accordingly. If we do not identify costs that we have begun to incur or if we underestimate or overestimate the level of these costs, our actual expenses could differ from our estimates.
Contract Balances
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets) and deferred revenue and billings in excess of revenue recognized (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Contract assets. Our long-term contracts are billed as work progresses in accordance with the contract terms and conditions, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of certain milestones. Often this results in billing occurring subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. Contract assets are generally classified as current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Contract liabilities. We often receive cash payments from customers in advance of our performance, resulting in contract liabilities. These contract liabilities are classified as either current or long-term in the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the revenue.
Contract Costs
We may incur direct and indirect costs associated with obtaining a contract. Incremental contract costs that we expect to recover are capitalized and amortized over the expected term of the contract. Non-incremental contract costs and costs that we expect to recover are expensed as incurred.
Research and Development Expenses
Our research and development costs are charged to expense when incurred. Advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized. Such amounts are recognized as expense when the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed. Research and development expenses include, among other items, personnel costs, including salaries and benefits, manufacturing costs, clinical, regulatory, and toxicology services performed by CROs, materials and supplies, and overhead allocations consisting of various administrative and facilities related costs. Most of our manufacturing and clinical and preclinical studies are performed by third-party CROs. Costs for studies performed by CROs are accrued by us over the service periods specified in the contracts and estimates are adjusted, if required, based upon our ongoing review of the level of services actually performed.
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Additionally, we have license agreements with third parties, such as
Deferred collaboration expenses represent sub-license payments paid to our academic partners upon receipt of consideration from various commercial partners, and other consideration to our academic partners for modification to existing license agreements. These deferred expenses would not have been incurred without receipt of such payments or modifications from our commercial partners and are being expensed in proportion to the related revenue being recognized. We believe that this accounting treatment appropriately matches expenses with the associated revenue.
We group our R&D expenses into two major categories: direct external expenses and indirect expenses. Direct expenses consist of compensation for R&D personnel and costs of outside parties to conduct laboratory studies, develop manufacturing processes and manufacture the product candidate, conduct and manage clinical trials, as well as other costs related to our clinical and preclinical studies. These costs are accumulated and tracked by active program. Indirect expenses consist of lab supplies and services, facility expenses, depreciation of development equipment and other overhead of our research and development efforts. These costs apply to work on non-active product candidates and our discovery research efforts.
Stock-Based Compensation
All share-based payments, including grants of stock option awards and restricted stock unit awards, are recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss based on their fair values. Stock-based compensation cost is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. Determining the appropriate fair value model and the related assumptions for the model requires judgment, including estimating the life of an award, the stock price volatility, and the expected term. We utilize the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value our awards and recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods. The estimation of share-based payment awards that will ultimately vest requires judgment, and to the extent actual results or updated estimates differ from our current estimates, such amounts will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period estimates are revised. In addition, we have outstanding performance-based stock options for which no compensation expense is recognized until "performance" has occurred. Significant management judgment is also required in determining estimates of future stock price volatility and forfeitures to be used in the valuation of the options. Actual results, and future changes in estimates, may differ substantially from our current estimates.
Interest Expense and Royalty Financing Obligations
The royalty financing obligations are eligible to be repaid based on royalties from net sales of ORLADEYO, BCX9930, and another earlier stage Factor D inhibitor. Interest expense is accrued using the effective interest rate method over the estimated period each of the related liabilities will be paid. This requires us to estimate the total amount of future royalty payments to be generated from product sales over the life of the agreement. We impute interest on the carrying value of each of the royalty financing obligations and record interest expense using an imputed effective interest rate. We reassess the expected royalty payments each reporting period and account for any changes through an adjustment to the effective interest rate on a prospective basis. The assumptions used in determining the expected repayment term of the debt and amortization period of the issuance costs requires that we make estimates that could impact the carrying value of each of the liabilities, as well as the periods over which associated issuance costs will be amortized. A significant increase or decrease in forecasted net sales could materially impact each of the liability balances, interest expense and the time periods for repayment.
Foreign Currency Hedge
In connection with our issuance of the PhaRMA Notes, we entered into a foreign
Currency Hedge Agreement to hedge certain risks associated with changes in the
value of the Japanese yen relative to the
Tax
We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements
"Note 1?Significant Accounting Policies and Concentrations of Risk" to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report discusses accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed but not yet required to be adopted.
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