CAMDEN PROPERTY TRUST The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes appearing elsewhere in this report, as well as Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" within our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2021 . Historical results and trends which might appear in the condensed consolidated financial statements should not be interpreted as being indicative of future operations. We consider portions of this report to be "forward-looking" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, both as amended, with respect to our expectations for future periods. Forward-looking statements do not discuss historical fact, but instead include statements related to expectations, projections, intentions, or other items relating to the future; forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, results, or events. Although we believe the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance our expectations will be achieved. Any statements contained herein which are not statements of historical fact should be deemed forward-looking statements. Reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements as these statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors beyond our control and could differ materially from our actual results and performance.
Factors which may cause our actual results or performance to differ materially from those contemplated by forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
•Volatility in capital and credit markets, or other unfavorable changes in
economic conditions, either nationally or regionally in one or more of the
markets in which we operate, could adversely impact us;
•Short-term leases could expose us to the effects of declining market rents;
•Competition could limit our ability to lease apartments or increase or maintain
rental income;
•We could be negatively impacted by the risks associated with land holdings and
related activities;
•A pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread could have a material
adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial
condition;
•Development, redevelopment and construction risks could impact our
profitability;
•Our acquisition strategy may not produce the cash flows expected;
•Changes in rent control or rent stabilization laws and regulations could
adversely affect our operations and property value;
•Failure to qualify as a REIT could have adverse consequences;
•Tax laws may continue to change at any time and any such legislative or other
actions could have a negative effect on us;
•A cybersecurity incident and other technology disruptions could negatively
impact our business;
•We have significant debt, which could have adverse consequences;
•Insufficient cash flows could limit our ability to make required payments for
debt obligations or pay distributions to shareholders;
•Issuances of additional debt may adversely impact our financial condition;
•We may be unable to renew, repay, or refinance our outstanding debt;
•Rising interest rates could both increase our borrowing costs, thereby
adversely affecting our cash flows and the amounts available for distribution to
our shareholders, and decrease our share price, if investors seek higher yields
through other investments;
•Failure to maintain our current credit ratings could adversely affect our cost
of funds, related margins, liquidity, and access to capital markets;
•We may be adversely affected by the phase out of LIBOR;
•Share ownership limits and our ability to issue additional equity securities
may prevent takeovers beneficial to shareholders;
•The form, timing and amount of dividend distributions in future periods may
vary and be impacted by economic and other considerations;
•Competition could adversely affect our ability to acquire properties;
•Litigation risks could affect our business;
•Damage from catastrophic weather and other natural events could result in
losses; and
•We could be adversely impacted due to our share price fluctuations.
These forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions as of
the date of this report, and we assume no obligation to update or supplement
forward-looking statements because of subsequent events.
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Executive Summary
Camden Property Trust and all consolidated subsidiaries are primarily engaged in
the ownership, management, development, redevelopment, acquisition, and
construction of multifamily apartment communities. We focus on investing in
markets characterized by high-growth economic conditions, strong employment, and
attractive quality of life which we believe leads to higher demand for our
apartments and retention of our residents. As of March 31, 2022 , we owned
interests in, operated, or were developing 175 multifamily properties comprised
of 59,894 apartment homes across the United States . In addition, we own other
land holdings which we may develop into multifamily apartment communities in the
future.
Business Environment and Current Outlook
During the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , our results reflect an increase in same store revenues of approximately 11.1% as compared to the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher average rental rates and increased occupancy which we believe were primarily attributable to improving job growth, favorable demographics with a higher propensity to rent versus buy, higher demand for multifamily housing in our markets, and a manageable supply of new multifamily housing. We currently believeU.S. economic and employment growth are likely to continue during 2022 and the supply of multifamily homes will remain at manageable levels. If economic conditions were to worsen, our operating results could be adversely affected. Consolidated Results
Net income attributable to common shareholders was
The$49.4 million increase during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the prior period in 2021 was primarily due to a 20.7% increase in property operations due to growth attributable to our same store, non-same store, and development and lease-up communities. See further discussion of our 2022 operations as compared to 2021 in "Results of Operations," below. The increase was also due to the gain on sale of an operating property inLargo, Maryland during the first quarter of 2022, offset by higher depreciation expense related to the acquisition of four operating properties during 2021.
Construction Activity
At
Acquisitions
Land: During the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , we acquired approximately 15.9 acres of land inRichmond, Texas for approximately$7.8 million for future development purposes. Dispositions Operating property: During the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , we sold one operating property comprised of 245 apartment homes located inLargo, Maryland for approximately$71.9 million and recognized a gain of approximately$36.4 million . Other
During the first three months of 2022, we issued approximately 0.2 million
common shares under our at-the-market ("ATM") program and received approximately
Subsequent Events
•OnApril 1, 2022 , we purchased the remaining 68.7% ownership interests in the Funds for cash consideration of approximately$1.1 billion , after adjusting for our assumption of approximately$514 million of existing secured mortgage debt of the Funds which remained outstanding. We funded this transaction with cash on-hand. These Funds own 22 multifamily communities comprised of 7,247 units located inHouston ,Austin ,Dallas ,Tampa ,Raleigh ,Orlando ,Washington D.C. ,Charlotte , andAtlanta . As a result of this acquisition, we will no longer recognize fee and asset management income from property management, construction, and development activities for these joint ventures nor will we recognize related expenses 18
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for managing these joint ventures or equity in income as these joint ventures
were subsequently consolidated effective
•InApril 2022 , we issued 2.9 million common shares in a public equity offering and received approximately$490.3 million in net proceeds; we used these net proceeds to reduce borrowings under our$900 million unsecured line of credit.
•In
Future Outlook
Subject to market conditions, we intend to continue to seek opportunities to develop new communities and to redevelop, reposition, and acquire existing communities. We also intend to evaluate our operating property and land development portfolio and plan to continue our practice of selective dispositions as market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. We expect to maintain a strong balance sheet and preserve our financial flexibility by continuing to focus on our core fundamentals which we believe are generating positive cash flows from operations, maintaining appropriate debt levels and leverage ratios, and controlling overhead costs. We intend to meet our near-term liquidity requirements through a combination of one or more of the following: cash and cash equivalents, cash flows generated from operations, draws on our unsecured credit facility, the use of debt and equity offerings under our automatic shelf registration statement, proceeds from property dispositions, equity issued from the ATM programs, and other unsecured borrowings or secured mortgages. As ofMarch 31, 2022 , we had approximately$1.1 billion in cash and cash equivalents and$385.4 million available under our$900 million unsecured credit facilities. OnApril 1, 2022 , we funded the acquisition of the remaining 68.7% ownership interests of the Funds through cash on-hand as discussed in Note 6, "Investments in Joint Ventures." As ofMarch 31, 2022 and through the date of this filing, we also had common shares having an aggregate offering price of up to$71.3 million remaining available for sale under our 2021 ATM program. InApril 2022 , we also issued 2.9 million common shares in a public equity offering and received approximately$490.3 million in net proceeds; we used these net proceeds to reduce borrowings under our$900 million unsecured line of credit. We believe scheduled repayments of debt due during the next 12 months are manageable at approximately$387.2 million which represents approximately 10.5% of our total outstanding debt, and includes amortization of debt discounts, debt issuance costs, and amounts outstanding on our unsecured credit facility. Additionally, as ofMarch 31, 2022 , 100% of our consolidated properties were unencumbered. EffectiveApril 1, 2022 , as a result of the consolidation of 22 Fund properties described above in connection with the acquisition of the remaining 68.7% ownership interests in two of the Funds, approximately 84% of our consolidated properties were unencumbered. We believe we are well-positioned with a strong balance sheet and sufficient liquidity to fund new development, repositions, redevelopment, and other capital requirements including scheduled debt maturities. We will, however, continue to assess and take further actions we believe are prudent to meet our objectives and capital requirements.
Property Portfolio
Our multifamily property portfolio is summarized as follows:
March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Apartment
Apartment Homes Properties Homes Properties
Operating Properties
Houston, Texas 9,154 26 9,154 26
Dallas, Texas 6,224 15 6,224 15
Washington, D.C. Metro 6,192 17 6,437 18
Atlanta, Georgia 4,496 14 4,496 14
Phoenix, Arizona 4,029 13 4,029 13
Orlando, Florida 3,954 11 3,954 11
Austin, Texas 3,686 11 3,686 11
Raleigh, North Carolina 3,248 9 3,248 9
Charlotte, North Carolina 3,104 14 3,104 14
Tampa, Florida 3,104 8 3,104 8
Denver, Colorado 2,865 9 2,865 9
Southeast Florida 2,781 8 2,781 8
Los Angeles/Orange County, California 2,663 7 2,663 7
San Diego/Inland Empire, California 1,797 6 1,797 6
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March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Apartment
Apartment Homes Properties Homes Properties
Nashville, Tennessee 758 2 758 2
Total Operating Properties 58,055 170 58,300 171
Properties Under Construction
Raleigh, North Carolina 420 1 354 1
Phoenix, Arizona 397 1 397 1
Charlotte, North Carolina 387 1 387 1
Atlanta, Georgia 366 1 366 1
Southeast Florida 269 1 269 1
Total Properties Under Construction 1,839 5 1,773 5
Total Properties 59,894 175 60,073 176
Less: Unconsolidated Joint Venture Properties (1)
Houston, Texas 2,756 9 2,756 9
Austin, Texas 1,360 4 1,360 4
Dallas, Texas 1,250 3 1,250 3
Tampa, Florida 450 1 450 1
Raleigh, North Carolina 350 1 350 1
Orlando, Florida 300 1 300 1
Washington, D.C. Metro 281 1 281 1
Charlotte, North Carolina 266 1 266 1
Atlanta, Georgia 234 1 234 1
Total Unconsolidated Joint Venture Properties (2) 7,247 22 7,247 22
Total Properties Fully Consolidated 52,647 153 52,826 154
(1)Refer to Note 6, "Investments in Joint Ventures," in the notes to Condensed
Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of our joint venture
investments.
(2)In
Stabilized Communities
We generally consider a property stabilized when it has reached 90% occupancy. During the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , stabilization was achieved at one consolidated operating property as follows: Number of Date of ($ in millions) Apartment Construction Date of Property and Location Homes Completion Stabilization Consolidated Operating Property Camden Lake Eola Orlando, FL 360 3Q21 1Q22
Completed Construction in Lease-Up
AtMarch 31, 2022 , there was one completed operating property in lease-up as follows: Number of Date of Estimated ($ in millions) Apartment Cost % Leased at Construction Date of Property and Location Homes Incurred (1) 4/24/2022 Completion Stabilization Camden Hillcrest San Diego, CA 132$ 90.8 55 % 4Q21 4Q22
(1)Excludes leasing costs, which are expensed as incurred.
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Our condensed consolidated balance sheet atMarch 31, 2022 includes approximately$488.1 million related to properties under development and land. Of this amount, approximately$295.9 million related to our properties currently under construction. In addition, we had approximately$192.2 million invested primarily in land held for future development related to projects we currently expect to begin construction.
Included in Estimated
Number of Properties Date of Estimated
($ in millions) Apartment Estimated Cost Under Construction Date of
Property and Location Homes Cost Incurred Development Completion Stabilization
Properties Under Construction CamdenBuckhead (1) Atlanta, GA 366$ 163.5 $ 159.2 $ 8.9 2Q22 4Q22 CamdenAtlantic Plantation, FL 269 100.0 88.0 88.0 3Q22 4Q23 Camden Tempe II Tempe, AZ 397 115.0 79.5 79.5 3Q23 1Q25 Camden NoDa Charlotte, NC 387 105.0 67.3 67.3 3Q23 1Q25 Camden Durham (2) Durham, NC 420 145.0 52.2 52.2 2Q24 4Q25 Total 1,839$ 628.5 $ 446.2 $ 295.9
(1)Property in lease-up and was 81% leased at
Development Pipeline Communities. At
($ in millions) Property and Location Projected Homes Total Estimated Cost (1) Cost to DateCamden Village District Raleigh, NC 369 $ 138.0$ 24.8 Camden Woodmill Creek The Woodlands, TX 188 60.0 10.7 Camden Pier District II St. Petersburg, FL 95 50.0 4.2Camden Arts District Los Angeles, CA 354 150.0 38.4Camden Long Meadow Farms Richmond, TX 188 68.0 8.4 Camden Gulch Nashville, TN 480 260.0 38.8 Camden Paces III Atlanta, GA 350 100.0 18.4 Camden Baker Denver, CO 435 165.0 26.4 Camden Highland Village II Houston, TX 300 100.0 9.2 Camden Downtown II Houston, TX 271 145.0 12.9 Total 3,030 $ 1,236.0$ 192.2 (1)Represents our estimate of total costs we expect to incur on these projects. However, forward-looking estimates are not guarantees of future performance, results, or events. Although we believe these expectations are based upon reasonable assumptions, future events rarely develop exactly as forecast, and estimates routinely require adjustment. 21 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents Results of Operations Changes in revenues and expenses related to our operating properties from period to period are due primarily to the performance of stabilized properties in the portfolio, the lease-up of newly constructed properties, acquisitions, and dispositions. Selected weighted averages for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows: Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 2021 Average monthly property revenue per apartment home$ 2,038 $ 1,804 Annualized total property expenses per apartment home $
8,663
49,439
Weighted average occupancy of operating apartment homes owned 100% 96.9 %
95.9 %
Management considers property net operating income ("NOI") to be an appropriate
supplemental measure of operating performance to net income because it reflects
the operating performance of our communities without an allocation of corporate
level property management overhead or general and administrative costs. We
define NOI as property revenue less property operating and maintenance expenses
less real estate taxes. NOI is further detailed in the Property-Level NOI table
as seen below. NOI is not defined by accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States of America ("GAAP") and should not be considered an
alternative to net income as an indication of our operating performance.
Additionally, NOI as disclosed by other REITs may not be comparable to our
calculation.
Reconciliations of net income to NOI for the three months ended March 31, 2022
and 2021 are as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
(in thousands) 2022 2021
Net income $ 83,601 $ 32,473
Less: Fee and asset management income (2,450) (2,206)
Less: Interest and other income (2,131) (332)
Less: (Income)/loss on deferred compensation plans 7,497 (3,626)
Plus: Property management expense 7,214 6,124
Plus: Fee and asset management expense 1,175 1,132
Plus: General and administrative expense 14,790 14,222
Plus: Interest expense 24,542 23,644
Plus: Depreciation and amortization expense 113,138 93,141
Plus: Expense/(benefit) on deferred compensation plans (7,497) 3,626
Less: Gain on sale of operating property (36,372) -
Less: Equity in income of joint ventures (3,048) (1,914)
Plus: Income tax expense 590 352
Net operating income $ 201,049 $ 166,636
Property-Level NOI (1)
Property NOI, as reconciled above, is detailed further into the following
categories for the three months ended
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Apartment Three Months Ended
Homes at March 31, Change
($ in thousands) 3/31/2022 2022 2021 $ %
Property revenues:
Same store communities 46,544 $ 277,838 $ 250,064 $ 27,774 11.1 %
Non-same store communities 4,132 27,580 9,655 17,925 185.7
Development and lease-up communities 1,971 2,258 31 2,227 *
Dispositions/Other - 3,683 7,818 (4,135) (52.9)
Total property revenues 52,647 $ 311,359 $ 267,568 $ 43,791 16.4 %
Property expenses:
Same store communities 46,544 $ 96,560 $ 93,068 $ 3,492 3.8 %
Non-same store communities 4,132 10,903 4,369 6,534 149.6
Development and lease-up communities 1,971 1,343 10 1,333 *
Dispositions/Other - 1,504 3,485 (1,981) (56.8)
Total property expenses 52,647 $ 110,310 $ 100,932 $ 9,378 9.3 %
Property NOI:
Same store communities 46,544 $ 181,278 $ 156,996 $ 24,282 15.5 %
Non-same store communities 4,132 16,677 5,286 11,391 215.5
Development and lease-up communities 1,971 915 21 894 *
Dispositions/Other - 2,179 4,333 (2,154) (49.7)
Total property NOI 52,647 $ 201,049 $ 166,636 $ 34,413 20.7 %
* Not a meaningful percentage.
(1) Same store communities are communities we wholly-owned and were stabilized sinceJanuary 1, 2021 , excluding communities under redevelopment and properties held for sale. Non-same store communities are stabilized communities not owned or stabilized sinceJanuary 1, 2021 , including communities under redevelopment and excluding properties held for sale. We define communities under redevelopment as communities with capital expenditures which improve a community's cash flow and competitive position through extensive unit, exterior building, common area, and amenity upgrades. Management believes same store information is useful as it allows both management and investors to determine financial results over a particular period for the same set of communities. Development and lease-up communities are non-stabilized communities we have developed sinceJanuary 1, 2021 , excluding properties held for sale. Dispositions/Other includes those communities disposed of or held for sale which are not classified as discontinued operations, non-multifamily rental properties, expenses related to land holdings not under active development, and other miscellaneous revenues and expenses.
Same Store Analysis
Same store property NOI increased approximately
The$24.3 million increase in same store property NOI for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 was primarily due to an increase of approximately$27.8 million in same store property revenues which was partially offset by an increase in property expenses of approximately$3.5 million , as compared to the same period in 2021. The$27.8 million increase in same store property revenues during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , as compared to the same period in 2021, was primarily due to a$25.9 million increase in rental revenues comprised of a 10.7% increase in average rental rates, higher occupancy, higher other rental income, and higher reletting fees, net of uncollectible revenue. The increase was also due to an increase of approximately$1.4 million in income from our bulk internet and other utility rebilling programs and an increase of approximately$0.5 million related to fees and other income. The$3.5 million increase in same store property expenses during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , as compared to the same period in 2021, was primarily due to higher property insurance expense of approximately$1.5 million due to higher claims incurred at our communities, higher repair and maintenance and utility expenses of approximately$1.4 million , higher salaries of approximately$0.8 million , and higher general and administrative and other property expenses of approximately$0.5 million . These increases were partially offset by lower real estate taxes of approximately$0.7 million as a result of higher property tax refunds partially offset by increased property valuations at a number of our communities for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , as compared to the same period in 2021.
Property NOI from non-same store and development and lease-up communities increased approximately$12.3 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase in Property NOI was comprised of increases from non-same store communities of approximately$11.4 million for the three months endedMarch 31 , 23
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2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 and increases from development and lease-up communities of approximately$0.9 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , as compared to the same period in 2021. The increase in property NOI from our non-same store communities was primarily due to the acquisition of four operating properties in 2021. The increase was also due to four operating properties which reached stabilization in 2021 and 2022. The increase in property NOI from our development and lease-up communities was primarily due to one development community under lease-up which completed construction during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , and the timing of one other development community which was also under lease-up during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 .
The following table details the changes, described above, relating to non-same store and development and lease up NOI:
For the three
months ended
March 31, 2022
as compared to
2021
(in millions)
Property Revenues:
Revenues from acquisitions $ 12.1
Revenues from non-same store stabilized properties 5.1
Revenues from development and lease-up properties 2.2
Other 0.8
$ 20.2
Property Expenses:
Expenses from acquisitions $ 5.0
Expenses from non-same store stabilized properties 1.5
Expenses from development and lease-up properties 1.3
Other 0.1
$ 7.9
Property NOI:
NOI from acquisitions $ 7.1
NOI from non-same store stabilized properties 3.6
NOI from development and lease-up properties 0.9
Other 0.7
$ 12.3 Dispositions/Other Property Analysis
Dispositions/Other property NOI decreased approximately$2.2 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 was primarily due to the disposition of three operating properties during the fourth quarter of 2021 and one operating property inLargo, Maryland inMarch 2022 , partially offset by higher NOI from our retail communities as compared to the same period in 2021. Non-Property Income Three Months Ended March 31, Change ($ in thousands) 2022 2021 $ % Fee and asset management$ 2,450 $ 2,206 $ 244 11.1 % Interest and other income 2,131 332 1,799 * Income/(loss) on deferred compensation plans (7,497) 3,626 (11,123) * Total non-property income/(loss)$ (2,916) $ 6,164 $ (9,080) (147.3) %
* Not a meaningful percentage.
Fee and asset management income from property management, asset management, construction, and development activities at our joint ventures and our third-party construction projects, increased approximately$0.2 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to higher fees earned related to an increase in third-party construction activity, combined with increases in property management fees earned from the Funds in which we managed as a result of increased operating results during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. 24 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents Interest and other income increased approximately$1.8 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to an earn-out received related to a technology joint venture sold inSeptember 2020 . We paid out approximately$0.4 million of bonuses related to this earn-out during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , which was recorded in general and administrative expense discussed below. Our deferred compensation plans incurred a loss of approximately$7.5 million during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , as compared to recognizing income of approximately$3.6 million during the same period in 2021. The changes were related to the performance of the investments held in deferred compensation plans for participants and were directly offset by the expense/(benefit) related to these plans, as discussed below. Other Expenses Three Months Ended March 31, Change ($ in thousands) 2022 2021 $ % Property management$ 7,214 $ 6,124 $ 1,090 17.8 % Fee and asset management 1,175 1,132 43 3.8 General and administrative 14,790 14,222 568 4.0 Interest 24,542 23,644 898 3.8 Depreciation and amortization 113,138 93,141 19,997 21.5 Expense/(benefit) on deferred compensation plans (7,497) 3,626 (11,123) * Total other expenses$ 153,362 $ 141,889 $ 11,473 8.1 %
* Not a meaningful percentage.
Property management expense, which represents regional supervision and accounting costs related to property operations, increased approximately$1.1 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily related to higher salaries, benefits, and incentive compensation costs, and higher conference costs during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. Property management expenses were 2.3% of total property revenues for each of the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 and 2021. General and administrative expense increased by approximately$0.6 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to approximately$0.3 million of higher salaries, benefits, and incentive compensation costs which was comprised of approximately$0.9 million of higher compensation and bonuses, including an approximate$0.4 million of bonuses paid for an earn-out received during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 related to a technology joint venture sold inSeptember 2020 , partially offset by an approximate$0.6 million decrease related to a senior executive officer who retired inDecember 2021 . The increase was also due to higher professional fees. Excluding income/(loss) on deferred compensation plans, general and administrative expenses were 4.7% and 5.3% of total revenues for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Interest expense increased approximately$0.9 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. The increase during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in capitalized interest resulting from lower average balances in our development pipeline during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. Depreciation and amortization expense increased approximately$20.0 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to the completion of units in our development pipeline and the completion of repositions during 2021 and 2022. The increase was also due to higher depreciation and amortization of in-place leases related to the acquisition of two operating properties inJune 2021 , one operating property inAugust 2021 , and one operating property inOctober 2021 . These increases were partially offset by lower depreciation expense related to the disposition of three operating properties during the fourth quarter of 2021 and one operating property during the first quarter of 2022.
Our deferred compensation plans recognized a benefit of approximately
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Other
Three Months Ended
March 31, Change
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 $ %
Gain on sale of operating property
- %
Equity in income of joint ventures $ 3,048 $ 1,914 $ 1,134 59.2 %
Income tax expense $ (590) $ (352) $ (238) 67.6 %
The
Equity in income of joint ventures increased approximately$1.1 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was due to an increase in earnings recognized during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 primarily relating to higher revenues from the stabilized operating properties owned by the Funds. Income tax expense increased approximately$0.2 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to higher state taxes and higher taxable income due to higher third-party construction activities in a taxable REIT subsidiary.
Funds from Operations ("FFO") and Adjusted FFO ("AFFO")
Management considers FFO and AFFO to be appropriate supplementary measures of the financial performance of an equity REIT.The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT") currently defines FFO in accordance with the 2018 NAREIT FFO White Paper which defines FFO as net income (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding depreciation and amortization related to real estate, gains (or losses) from the sale of certain real estate assets (depreciable real estate), impairments of certain real estate assets (depreciable real estate), gains (or losses) from change in control, and adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures to reflect FFO on the same basis. Our calculation of diluted FFO also assumes conversion of all potentially dilutive securities, including certain non-controlling interests, which are convertible into common shares. We consider FFO to be an appropriate supplemental measure of operating performance because, by excluding gains or losses on dispositions of depreciable real estate and depreciation, FFO can assist in the comparison of the operating performance of a company's real estate investments between periods or to different companies. AFFO is calculated utilizing FFO less recurring capitalized expenditures which are necessary to help preserve the value of and maintain the functionality at our communities. We also consider AFFO to be a useful supplemental measure because it is frequently used by analysts and investors to evaluate a REIT's operating performance between periods or to different companies. Our definition of recurring capital expenditures may differ from other REITs, and there can be no assurance our basis for computing this measure is comparable to other REITs. To facilitate a clear understanding of our consolidated historical operating results, we believe FFO and AFFO should be examined in conjunction with net income attributable to common shareholders as presented in the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and data included elsewhere in this report. FFO and AFFO are not defined by GAAP and should not be considered alternatives to net income attributable to common shareholders as an indication of our operating performance. Additionally, FFO and AFFO as disclosed by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculation.
Reconciliations of net income attributable to common shareholders to FFO and
AFFO for the three months ended
Three Months Ended
March 31,
($ in thousands) 2022 2021
Funds from operations
Net income attributable to common shareholders
110,537 90,707
Adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures 2,709 2,599
Gain on sale of operating property (36,372) -
Income allocated to non-controlling interests 2,856 1,126 Funds from operations
$ 160,475 $ 125,779 26
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Three Months Ended
March 31,
($ in thousands) 2022 2021
Less: recurring capitalized expenditures (14,251) (12,680)
Adjusted funds from operations$ 146,224
Weighted average shares - basic 105,336
99,547
Incremental shares issuable from assumed conversion of: Common share options and awards granted
83 74
Common units 1,606
1,720
Weighted average shares - diluted 107,025
101,341
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Financial Condition and Sources of Liquidity
We intend to maintain a strong balance sheet and preserve our financial flexibility, which we believe should enhance our ability to identify and capitalize on investment opportunities as they become available. We intend to maintain what management believes is a conservative capital structure by:
•extending and sequencing the maturity dates of our debt where practicable;
•managing interest rate exposure using what management believes to be prudent levels of fixed and floating rate debt;
•maintaining what management believes to be conservative coverage ratios; and
•using what management believes to be a prudent combination of debt and equity.
Our interest expense coverage ratio, net of capitalized interest, was approximately 7.4 and 6.2 for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This ratio is a method for calculating the amount of operating cash flows available to cover interest expense and is calculated by dividing interest expense for the period into the sum of property revenues and expenses, non-property income, and other expenses, after adding back depreciation, amortization, and interest expense. All of our consolidated properties were unencumbered atMarch 31, 2022 and 2021. EffectiveApril 1, 2022 , as a result of the consolidation of 22 Fund properties discussed in Note 6, "Investments in Joint Ventures" in connection with the acquisition of the remaining 68.7% ownership interests in two of the Funds, approximately 84% of our consolidated properties were unencumbered. Our weighted average maturity of debt was approximately 6.5 years atMarch 31, 2022 . Our primary sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and cash flows generated from operations. Other sources may include one or more of the following: availability under our unsecured credit facility, the use of debt and equity offerings under our automatic shelf registration statement, proceeds from property dispositions, equity issued from our ATM programs, and other unsecured borrowings or secured mortgages. We believe our liquidity and financial condition are sufficient to meet all of our reasonably anticipated cash needs during the next twelve months from our filing date including:
•normal recurring operating expenses;
•current debt service requirements including scheduled debt maturities;
•recurring and non-recurring capital expenditures;
•reposition expenditures;
•funding of property developments, repositions, redevelopments, acquisitions, and joint venture investments; and
•the minimum dividend payments required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code.
Factors which could increase or decrease our future liquidity include but are not limited to volatility in capital and credit markets, changes in rent control or rent stabilization laws, sources of financing, the minimum REIT dividend requirements, our ability to complete asset purchases, sales, or developments, the effect our debt level and changes in credit ratings could have on our cost of funds, and our ability to access capital markets. A variety of these factors, among others, could also be affected by the pandemic.
Cash Flows
The following is a discussion of our cash flows for the three months ended
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Net cash from operating activities was approximately$122.3 million during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to approximately$88.5 million for the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to the increase in cash from property operations due to the growth attributable to our same store, non-same store and development and lease-up communities. See further discussion of our 2022 operations as compared to 2021 in "Results of Operations." Net cash used in investing activities during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 totaled approximately$48.9 million as compared to$92.1 million during the same period in 2021. Cash outflows during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 primarily related to amounts paid for property development and capital improvements of approximately$90.5 million , and an increase in earnest money of approximately$23.2 million primarily related to an acquisition of a 42.6 acre land parcel completed inApril 2022 . These outflows were partially offset by net proceeds from the sale of one operating property of approximately$70.5 million . Cash outflows during the three months endedMarch 31, 2021 primarily related to cash outflows for property development and capital improvements of approximately$90.3 million . The increase in property development and capital improvements for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , as compared to the same period in 2021, was primarily due to the acquisition of one development property, as well as higher reposition and capital expenditures, partially offset by the timing and completion of three consolidated operating properties in 2021 and 2022. The property development and capital improvements during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 and 2021, included the following: Three Months Ended March 31, (in millions) 2022 2021 Expenditures for new development, including land$ 48.5 $ 55.4 Capital expenditures 20.3 17.8 Reposition expenditures 14.3 8.7 Direct real estate taxes and capitalized interest and other indirect costs 7.4 8.4 Total$ 90.5 $ 90.3 Net cash from financing activities totaled approximately$443.1 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 as compared to net cash used of$83.4 million during the same period in 2021. Cash inflows during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 primarily related to net proceeds of$500.0 million of borrowings from our unsecured line of credit, and net proceeds of$26.2 million from the issuance of approximately 0.2 million common shares from our ATM programs. These cash inflows during 2022 were partially offset by$88.8 million used for distributions to common shareholders and non-controlling interest holders. Cash outflows during the three months endedMarch 31, 2021 primarily related to$84.1 million used for distributions to common shareholders and non-controlling interest holders.
Financial Flexibility
We have a$900 million unsecured credit facility which matures inMarch 2023 , with two options to further extend the facility at our election for two additional six-month periods and may be expanded three times by up to an additional$500 million upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. The interest rate on our unsecured credit facility is based upon LIBOR plus a margin which is subject to change as our credit ratings change. Advances under our credit facility may be priced at the scheduled rates, or we may enter into bid rate loans with participating banks at rates below the scheduled rates. These bid rate loans have terms of 180 days or less and may not exceed the lesser of$450 million or the remaining amount available under our credit facility. Our credit facility is subject to customary financial covenants and limitations. We believe we are in compliance with all such financial covenants and limitations as ofMarch 31, 2022 and through the date of this filing. Our credit facility provides us with the ability to issue up to$50 million in letters of credit. While our issuance of letters of credit does not increase our borrowings outstanding under our credit facility, it does reduce the amount available. AtMarch 31, 2022 , we had$500 million of borrowings outstanding on our credit facility and we had outstanding letters of credit totaling approximately$14.6 million , leaving approximately$385.4 million available under our credit facility. InApril 2022 , we issued approximately 2.9 million common shares in a public equity offering and received approximately$490.3 million in net proceeds; we used these net proceeds to reduce borrowings under our$900 million unsecured line of credit. InAugust 2021 , we created an ATM share offering program through which we can, but have no obligation to, sell common shares and we may also enter into separate forward sale agreements with forward purchasers for an aggregate offering price of up to$500.0 million (the "2021 ATM program"), in amounts and at times as we determine, into the existing trading market at current market prices as well as through negotiated transactions. Actual sales from time to time may depend on a variety of factors including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of our common shares, and determinations by management of the appropriate sources of funding for us. The proceeds from the sale of our common shares under the 2021 28
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ATM program are intended to be used for general corporate purposes, which may include reducing future borrowings under our$900 million unsecured line of credit, the repayment of other indebtedness, the redemption or other repurchase of outstanding debt or equity securities, funding for development activities, and financing for acquisitions. We issued approximately 0.2 million shares under our 2021 ATM program during the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 and received approximately$26.2 million in net proceeds. As ofMarch 31, 2022 and through the date of this filing, we had common shares having an aggregate offering price of up to$71.3 million remaining available for sale under the 2021 ATM program. We believe our ability to access capital markets is enhanced by our senior unsecured debt ratings by Moody's, Fitch, and Standard and Poor's, which are currently A3 with stable outlook, A- with stable outlook, and A- with stable outlook, respectively. We believe our ability to access capital markets is also enhanced by our ability to borrow on a secured basis from various institutions including banks, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or life insurance companies. However, we may not be able to maintain our current credit ratings and may not be able to borrow on a secured or unsecured basis in the future.
Future Cash Requirements and Contractual Obligations
One of our principal long-term liquidity requirements includes the repayment of maturing debt, including any future borrowings under our unsecured credit facility. We believe scheduled repayments of debt due during the next 12 months are manageable at approximately$387.2 million which represents approximately 10.5% of our total outstanding debt, and includes amortization of debt discounts, debt issuance costs, and amounts outstanding on our unsecured credit facility. See Note 7, "Notes Payable," in the notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a further discussion of our scheduled maturities. We estimate the additional cost to complete the construction of five properties to be approximately$182.3 million . Of this amount, we expect to incur costs between approximately$105 million and$125 million during the remainder of 2022 and to incur the remaining costs during 2023. Additionally, we expect to incur costs between approximately$120 million and$130 million related to the start of new development activities, between approximately$61 million and$65 million of repositions, redevelopment, repurposes, and revenue enhancing expenditures and between approximately$74 million and$78 million of additional recurring capital expenditures. We anticipate meeting our near-term liquidity requirements through a combination of one or more of the following: cash and cash equivalents, cash flows generated from operations, draws on our unsecured credit facility, the use of debt and equity offerings under our automatic shelf registration statement, proceeds from property dispositions, equity issued from our ATM programs, and other unsecured borrowings or secured mortgages. We continue to evaluate our operating property and land development portfolio and plan to continue our practice of selective dispositions as market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. As a REIT, we are subject to a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute current dividends to our shareholders equal to a minimum of 90% of our annual taxable income. In order to minimize paying income taxes, our general policy is to distribute at least 100% of our taxable income. InFebruary 2022 , ourBoard of Trust Managers declared a quarterly dividend of$0.94 per common share to our common shareholders of record as ofMarch 31, 2022 . The quarterly dividend was subsequently paid onApril 18, 2022 , and we paid equivalent amounts per unit to holders of the common operating partnership units. Assuming similar quarterly dividend distributions for the remainder of 2022, our annualized dividend rate would be$3.76 per share or unit.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Funds in which we have an interest have been funded in part with secured, third-party debt. AtMarch 31, 2022 , our Funds had outstanding debt of approximately$513.9 million . Effective Apri1 1, 2022, this debt was consolidated as a result of our acquisition of the remaining 68.7% ownership interests in the Funds. As ofMarch 31, 2022 , we had no outstanding guarantees related to the debt of the Funds.
Inflation
Our apartment leases are for an average term of approximately fourteen months. In an inflationary environment, we may realize increased rents at the commencement of new leases or upon the renewal of existing leases. We believe the short-term nature of our leases generally minimizes our risk from the adverse effects of inflation.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our critical accounting policies have not changed from the information reported
in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
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