There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial's finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars) Year ended December 31, 2020

Number Pre-TDR Post-TDR

of Contracts Amortized Cost Amortized Cost

North America 40.USD 13 USD 13

EAME ......................................................4 - -

Asia/Pacific1 183 12 12

Mining2 63 35 35

Latin America3 77 45 45

Caterpillar Power Finance ........................................22 115 115

Total 389.USD 220 USD 220


                                                        Year ended December 31, 2019 
                                                        Number           Pre-TDR       Post-TDR 
                                                        of Contracts     Recorded      Recorded 
                                                                         Investment    Investment 
North America..................................... 
EAME........................................... 
Asia/Pacific.......................................                      11 17 - 8 5   11 17 - 8 3 
                                                        15 19 - 2 5 21 USD             USD 
Mining..........................................                         168           165 
Latin America...................................... 
Caterpillar Power Finance.............................. 
Total............................................       62             USD 209         USD 204 
                                                        Year ended December 31, 2018 
                                                        Number          Pre-TDR      Post-TDR 
                                                        of Contracts    Recorded     Recorded 
                                                                        Investment   Investment 
North America..................................... 
EAME........................................... 
                                                                        21 - - 29    21 - - 29 
Asia/Pacific....................................... 
                                                        38 - - 1 1 12 USD 3          USD 3 
Mining.......................................... 
                                                                        133          99 
Latin America...................................... 
Caterpillar Power Finance.............................. 
Total............................................       52            USD 186        USD 152 

1 During the year ended December 31, 2020, 183 contracts with a pre-TDR and post-TDR amortized cost of USD12 million were related to seven customers.

2 During the year ended December 31, 2020, 63 contracts with a pre-TDR and post-TDR amortized cost of USD35 million were related to five customers.

3 During the year ended December 31, 2020, 77 contracts with a pre-TDR and post-TDR amortized cost of USD45 million were related to ten customers.

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TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:


                           Year ended December 31,         Year ended December 31,   Year ended December 31, 
                           2020                            2019                      2018 
(Millions of dollars) 
                                                 Post-TDR  Number         Post-TDR   Number         Post-TDR 
                           Number of Contracts   Amortized of Contracts   Recorded   of Contracts   Recorded 
                                                 Cost                     Investment                Investment 
North America........      4                   USD 8         11           USD 5          10           USD 10 
EAME..............         2                     10        -              -          -              - 
Asia/Pacific...........    27                    2         -              -          -              - 
Mining.............        21                    10        -              -          -              - 
Latin America.........     4                     1         -              -          3              1 
Caterpillar Power Finance. 2                     18        1              10         3              33 
Total................      60                  USD 49        12           USD 15         16           USD 44  8.     Inventories 

Inventories (principally using the LIFO method) are comprised of the following:


                                                                      December 31, 
(Millions of dollars) 
                                                                      2020         2019 
Raw materials....................................................   USD 4,021     USD  4,263 
Work-in-process..................................................     1,052        1,147 
Finished goods...................................................     6,054        5,598 
Supplies........................................................      275          258 
Total inventories.................................................. USD 11,402    USD  11,266 

We had long-term material purchase obligations of USD309 million at December 31, 2020. 6. Property, plant and equipment


                                                                                December 31, 
                                                                Useful 
 
(Millions of dollars)                                           Lives (Years)   2020         2019 
Land.............................................               -             USD 681       USD  664 
Buildings and land improvements.........................        20-45           7,091        6,710 
Machinery, equipment and other..........................        2-10            13,004       13,287 
Software.........................................               3-7             1,679        1,728 
Equipment leased to others.............................         1-7             6,077        6,208 
Construction-in-process...............................          -               739          620 
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost...................                 29,271       29,217 
Less: Accumulated depreciation..........................                        (16,870)     (16,313) 
Property, plant and equipment-net.........................                    USD 12,401    USD  12,904 

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10. Intangible assets and goodwill


A. Intangible assets 
 
Intangible assets were comprised of the following: 
                                                                                  December 31, 2020 
                                                            Weighted     Gross 
(Millions of dollars)                                       Amortizable  Carrying Accumulated 
                                                            Life (Years) Amount   Amortization Net 
Customer relationships..............................        15           USD 2,493  USD (1,600) USD 893 
Intellectual property................................       12           1,439    (1,073)   366 
Other..........................................             14           164      (115)     49 
Total finite-lived intangible assets....................... 14           USD 4,096  USD (2,788) USD 1,308 

December 31, 2019

Weighted Gross

Amortizable Carrying Accumulated

Life (Years) Amount Amortization Net


Customer relationships..............................       15 USD 2,450 USD (1,406) USD 1,044 
Intellectual property...............................       12 1,510   (1,055)   455 
Other..........................................            13 191     (125)     66 
Total finite-lived intangible assets...................... 14 USD 4,151 USD (2,586) USD 1,565 

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and tested for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was USD311 million, USD324 million and USD331 million for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

As of December 31, 2020, amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)


2021           2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter 
USD300           USD282 USD223 USD165 USD155 USD183 

B. Goodwill

There were no goodwill impairments during 2020, 2019 or 2018.

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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:


                       December 31,      Other         December 31, 
(Millions of dollars) 
                       2019 Acquisitions Adjustments 1 2020 

Construction Industries

Goodwill....................... USD 306 USD - USD 14 USD 320

Impairments ................................(22) - - (22)

Net goodwill ................................284 - 14 298

Resource Industries

Goodwill .................................4,156 - 97 4,253

Impairments ..............................(1,175) - - (1,175)

Net goodwill ..............................2,981 - 97 3,078

Energy & Transportation

Goodwill .................................2,875 41 43 2,959 All Other 2

Goodwill ...................................56 - 3 59 Consolidated total

Goodwill .................................7,393 41 157 7,591

Impairments ..............................(1,197) - - (1,197)

Net goodwill..................... USD 6,196 USD 41 USD 157 USD 6,394


December 31,       Other         December 31, 
2018 Acquisitions  Adjustments 1 2019 

Construction Industries

Goodwill....................... USD 304 USD - USD 2 USD 306

Impairments (22) - - (22)

Net goodwill ................................282 - 2 284 Resource Industries

Goodwill 4,172 (16) 4,156

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February 18, 2021 14:47 ET (19:47 GMT)