ENGIE : Research - Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Research

Emerging Sustainable

Technologies

2019 version of ENGIE's technology watch

© Gettyimages / Freepik

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Join us in our journey to a zero-carbon energy transition. The transition remains challenging, but we are convinced, as ENGIE Research, that technological advances will be part of the solution. It is extremely hard to predict next technology breakthroughs but, in this document, we present topical areas that we think will offer non-trivial benefits and impacts on this transition. Therefore ENGIE is working on these topics and keeping a close eye on their trends.

Investment in the development of these new 'sustainable' technologies is required and collaboration between public organizations and private organizations required. Apart from the environment and economics, the support of the citizens is crucial. The social acceptance and consequent adoption of new technologies will (co-)determine whether a technology will breakthrough.

The energy transition will therefore be an 'AND' story along two axes: (i) we will need many emerging 'sustainable' technologies; there is not one that has the potential to overcome the challenge alone and

1. the challenge is too large to overcome alone as a person/company/sector, we must collaborate. The document has little pretention apart from inspiring its readers and it is in the context of this spirit of collaboration that this document is written and published.

Dr. Jan Mertens, Chief Science Officer @ ENGIE, Visiting Professor @Ugent

Dr. Elodie Le Cadre, Lead Science Advisor @ENGIE

2

Objective of this document

Present emerging technologies that:

Impact Energy today

Very likely will impact Energy in future

May impact Energy directly or indirectly even though today they seem far away from current and future energy activities…

So where possible link is made with energy but not always straightforward

TODAY…

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Energy today

Energy in	Emerging
future	technologies

3

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

MEYSSONNIER ANTOINE	© AdobeStock	© FOTOLIA
© ENGIE / MIRO /

Renewable	Environment	Sustainable
is not always	is not CO2	includes social
sustainable		aspects

Introduction

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Renewable energy

Sources that are naturally replenished on a human

timescale

© ENGIE / MIRO / MEYSSONNIER ANTOINE

Sustainable energy

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

5

Introduction

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Current status of the control variables for seven of the planetary boundaries

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Source [1]

6

Introduction

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Scarcity as such may not be the largest challenge; however possible issue of new mines not opening fast enough…

Recycling and search for earth abundant alternatives is on-going

Main issues related to the sustainable mining: both from an environmental as well as social (ethical) aspect

Materials widely used in energy technologies

Source [2]

Source [4]

Source [3]

7

Introduction

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Negative effects on physical, cognitive, emotional, and social well-being

Pattie Maes

Fluid Interfaces

Group

8

Introduction

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

© Freepik

Even	Safety
more great	Security
challenges:	Privacy
	Ethics

• A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. »

Isaac Asimov, 3 Laws of Robots(1942)

9

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Emerging Sustainable

Technologies

Electrochemical
storage	Radiative cooling	Artificial Intelligence Quantum computing	CO2cycle

© Adobe Stock

Biotech		3D metal printing		Green mobility		Self-healing materials

10

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?

Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Drive not only towards cheaper but more sustainable and safer battery chemistries

Source [5]

Lead acid: mature technology	2019	Conventional Lithium ion: performances
	Main Advantages			Main Advantages
	• Cost (150-300 €/kWh)			• Energy density (200-350 Wh/L)
	• Recyclability			• Long cycle life (1000-10000 cycles)
	• Mature			• High roundtrip efficiency
	• Robust
				Main Drawbacks
	Main Drawbacks
	Source [6]		• Safety (thermal runaway)
	• Danger (overheating, …)			• Cost
	• Low energy density (50-100 Wh/L)			• Sophisticated BMS required
	• Low cycle life (500-2000)			• Lifetime (less than 10 years)
	• Toxic components			• Temperature (irreversible thermal degradation
				when > 70°C)

	Redox Flow batteries: more sustainable?	2025-2035?	Solid state batteries: safer?
			+
		Main Advantages		Main Advantages
		• Less sensitive to T°C			• Safe
		• Energy and power scalable independently	Solid electrolyte		• Theoretical more energy dense
		• High cycle (20000) and calendar life
		expectancy for Vanadium Redox Flow	-		Main Drawbacks
		• R&D for organic flow batteries
			• Few commercial products not fully stabilized
			Source [8]		• Need to heat the system
		Main Drawbacks
Source [7]				• R&D stages
	• Risk of leakage, Requires pumps, valves,
		sensors maintenance
		• Higher CAPEX
		• Low energy density (10-50 Wh/kg)

12

Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental	Redox Flow Batteries (RFB):
Sustainability	technology description
SocialEconomical

Redox Flow Battery System

Two electrolytes (external tanks), acting as liquid energy carriers, are pumped simultaneously through the two half-cells of the reaction cell separated by a membrane

The RFB technology combines electrochemistry and mechanics (fluid pumping, fluid distribution,…)

RFB operate by changing the metal ion valence

ADVANTAGES:

Less sensitive to T°C

Power and energy are independent and can be scaled separately:

• Add Power = increase electrode surface
• Add Energy = increase tank size

Long term energy storage solution (typical > 3 to 8h)

CHALLENGES

Capex Cost

Risk of leakage

Source [7]

13

Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?

	Environmental	Solid State Batteries:
	Sustainability	technology description
Social	Economical

Similar to a Li-ion battery but with a polymer or ceramic (solid state) electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte

ADVANTAGES:

Safer than Li-ion batteries. Internal short-circuits are avoided (Lithium dendrites growth is limited as electrolyte is solid)

Solid system allows various sizes and shapes for cells Theoretic potential of higher energy densities

CHALLENGES:

Low temperature operation can be a challenge

R&D development of electrolytes with sufficient ionic conductivity

High self-discharge (some sub-families)

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Description of Solid State Batteries

Source [9]

14

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Radiative cooling

Radiative cooling

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

What is Skycooling?

Trade our heat with the infinite cold space

Skycooling is based on radiative emission of heat energy, leading to a spontaneous cooling of any body. Reject heat from earth systems into space, using it as an infinite cold radiator or reservoir at -270°C. Through selected infrared radiations, it acts like a reversedgreen-houseeffect

© GAYA/ENGIE Lab

16

Radiative cooling

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

How does it work?

Selectively emits energy through atmosphere

Thermal balance of cooling

Principle: nanocoatings can
limit incoming heat and
enhance outgoing radiation	Nanocoating principle
Advanced nanocoatings can
now effectively reflect solar
radiation, while emiting desired
infrared wavelengths capable		Radiation Transmitted by the
of travelling through
	Atmosphere
"atmospheric transparent
windows" (8-13µm)
Radiations in this range will be
far less absorbed by our
atmospher, allowing exchange
with the space

Transparency window

Source [10]

Source [11]

17

Radiative cooling

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Radiative cooling:

large market closed to maturity !

ADVANTAGES:

New nano-structured materials offers affordable and flexible solutions (coatings, films)

Products already available for building heat shielding (TRL9) Emerging products for cold water production (TRL4-5) Reduce use of high GWP coolants (CFC, HFC)

Fight Global Warming using chemical-free, low temperature, passive phenomenon

Save water and energy using infinite cold reservoir

Contribute to global cooling through "Reversed" green-house effect

CHALLENGES:

Sensitive to climatic conditions

Low energy density

Dazzling reflections in urban area

World energy demand (exajoules)

Source [12]

Roof example

18

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Artificial

Intelligence: the concept of duelling neural

networks

Artificial Intelligence

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Duelling neural networks or

Generative adversarial networks (GANs)

'Normal' Neural network:

input data →predicts the output

Forward propagation

(generation and classification)Input random

Duelling neural networks or Generative adversarial networks (GANs):

The generator takes simple random variables as inputs and generate new data. The discriminator takes "true" and "generated" data and try to discriminate them, building a classifier. The goal of the generator is to fool the discriminator (increase the classification error by mixing up as much as possible generated data with true data) and the goal of the discriminator is to distinguish between true and generated data.

The generative network is

Thegenerated distribution

The discriminative network

The classification error is the

Backward propagation (adversarial training)

variables

trained to maximisethe	and thetrue distribution are	is trained to minimisethe	basis metric for the training of
final classification error	not compared directly	final classification error	the both networks

Source [13]

20

Artificial Intelligence

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

	Environmental	Applications of GANs vary widely:
	Sustainability	from medicine to graphical and text applications
Social	Economical

Example in medicine

An original application of GANs was proposed by Insilico Medicine. They use it for an artificially intelligent drug discovery.

To train the Generator to sample drug candidates for a given disease as precisely as possible to existing drugs from a Drug Database.

Then generate a drug for a previously incurable disease using the Generator, and using the Discriminator to determine whether the sampled drug actually cures the given disease.

Example in text to image

Text to image is one of the earlier application of domain-transfer GAN. We input a sentence and generate multiple images fitting the description. "The bird has a yellow belly and tarsus, grey back, wings, and brown throat, nape with a black face".

Creating Molecules from scratch: Drug Discovery with Generative Adversarial Networks

Source [14]

What is in for Energy?

Not sure for the moment

21

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Quantum

computing

Quantum computing

Differences between classical & quantum computing

Classical computing is using bits (binary digits)

Bits have well-defined values: either 0 or 1

Taking N times more bits allows to handle N times more information

Calculations are done in essentially the same manner as by hand

(plus, minus, if…then…else)

Quantum computing is using qubits (quantum bits)

Qubits are associated to the quantum state of a physical component (e.g. spin of an electron, polarization of an ion)

This quantum state is more similar to a probability distribution than a well-defined property (i.e. a single value)

Taking N times more qubits allows to handle 2Ntimes more information

Calculations are done using laws of quantum mechanics. Open door to more efficient algorithms

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Classical bits vs Quantum bits

"I think I can safely say that nobody understands Quantum Mechanics"

Richard Feynman, 1967

23

Quantum computing

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Advantages & challenges of quantum computing

ADVANTAGES:

Possibility to compute on the 2Ninformation set simultaneously ≈ computing 2Nfaster

Open the door to actually intractable problems

• Solving complex minimization problems: that could be applied to simulate protein folding

CHALLENGES:

Classical algorithms cannot be used as-is in a quantum computer. It needs specific algorithms. There won't necessary exist quantum algorithm for all problems

• not all problems will be solvable 2Nfaster

Quantum computers are much harder to build (transferring & storing qubits is already a challenge)

Progress in quantum computing is real, but still far from industrial applications

24

Quantum computing

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Quantum Computing applications:

not suited for word and mail…

QC will make it possible to simulate the behavior of matter down to the atomic level →discovery of new chemicals, materials, drugs,…

• Eg. for batteries: improvements in battery density have been running at just 5 to 8 percent annually- painfully slow compared to the familiar exponential
  Moore's Law pace… Could QC could speed that up?
• Artificial photosynthesis

Cryptography and security by cracking otherwise invincible codes

Complex logistic scheduling Financial portfolio management

…

"Nature is quantum, goddam it! So if we want to simulate it, we need a quantum

computer."

MIT Technology review, 2018

Molecular modelling

What is in for Energy? Not sure yet.

QC computer works under cryogenic conditions so QC computer will be developed in computing center, not at home. However, how to manage the energy of these centers ?

25

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

CO2cycle

CO2cycle

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

CO2cycle replaces the classical water-steam cycle

Normal Gas fired Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

CH4+ AIR (80 % N2and 20 % O2) →CO2+ 2 H2O + N2

O2 CO2*

N2H2O

* N2≈ 75 %, O2≈ 15 %, CO2≈ 4%, H2O ≈6 %

Air CH4

CO2cycle with natural gas

CH4+ 2O2→CO2+ 2 H2O

CH4

						CO2Turbine
O2
ASU
				N2
						CO2+H2O
								Water
				CO2
Air					separation
								& heat
								exchangers
		CO2

With NG, efficiency rate expected is 59%,similar to CCGT plus exhaust flue gas with 90% CO2concentration.

27

CO2cycle

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Main advantage 'Free' CO2capture:

ready for use as resource rather than a waste!

ADVANTAGES:

Lower CAPEX; less material Much faster ramping up and down 'Free' CO2capture →ready for use

CHALLENGES:

Competitivenes

New industrial systems to implement

TRL: Technology readiness level

© ENGIE Lab

28

CO2cycle

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

NETPOWER 50 MW demonstrationon-goingin Houston:full scale 300 MW planned as early as

2021

• Net Power 50 MWth demonstration plant commissioned in May 2018
• Full Scale 300 MW planned as early as 2021

29

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Biotechnology

and Energy

Biotechnology and Energy

Biotechnology is not Bio-energy

DEFINITIONS:

Biotechnologyis the use of living systems and organismsto develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2)

Bioenergy(heat and cold, electricity) and Biofuels(liquid and gaseous) are renewable energies made available from materials derived from biological sources

So biomass combustion for electricity or biomass gasification to produce 2G Biogas is not biotechnology but bioenergy! However, anaerobic digestion (1G Biogas) or any fermentation process using living organisms (eg. yeast, bacteria, …) is biotechnology.

Not always straightforward:drying Algae for combustion to produce heat or electricity classifies as bio-energy whilst using Algae (or Cyano-bacteria) for the production of products (eg. oil, ethanol, sugars, proteins, …) would classify as biotechnology

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

© Adobe Stock

© Arnaud Février

31

Biotechnology and Energy

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Emerging biotechnology for hydrocarbon fuel production in the absence of light and oxygen

In the absence of light and oxygen, some bacteria can convert CO2and/or CO and hydrogen into biofuels and bioplastics precursors

CO2/CO Fermentation (in bacteria cell)

Some bacteria get their energy and carbon sources for growth from CO2/CO (more than 100 species). In the absence of oxygen and light (eg in closed fermenter), they produce Acetate, Ethanol, Butanol or Hydrogen. They tolerate temperatures about 30 - 80°C. When combined with electrodes, some also produce electricity (Microbial Fuel Cells).

* Electricity is required for operating the fermenter.

Some systems can also use direct power in the fermenter to produce hydrogen (no electrolysis required upfront).

© ENGIE Lab

32

Biotechnology and Energy

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Emerging biotechnology for hydrocarbon fuel production

in the absence of light and oxygen

CO, CO2and Hydrogen fermentation to fuel and chemicals

CO2+ H2 to PHB	CO2to Methane	ArcelorMittal and Lanzatech break ground on €150million
(Polyhydroxybutyrate =		project to revolutionise blast furnace carbon emissions
precursors for plastics)		capture (June 2018)
		Demo:Steelgas to Ethanol (378 m3/yr)
		Lab:CO2+ H2to acetate (→algae lipids)

CO2to Methane	Biomass syngas to Ethanol
	(forecast): 3028 m3/yr

33

Biotechnology and Energy

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Emerging biotechnology for hydrogen production

in the presence of light and oxygen

Rhodobacter capsulatus is a bacteria which produces H2from organic assets eg. lactate/acetate in a light-dependent

process

Main pathways of hydrogen production by photofermentation

of organic acids by using photosynthetic bacteria

lactate/acetate

Source [15]

34

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

3D metal printing

3D metal printing

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental	Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Sustainability
SocialEconomical

Additive Manufacturing Technologies are considerably modifying the way to design parts, develop industrial applications and organize production and maintenance activities

Tailor-made materials

Compositional gradient

Microstructural gradient

Porosity gradient

Multi-materials

Metal matrix composites

Inventory rationalization

Part consolidation

On-demand manufacturing

Digital warehouse

Decentralized production

From large centralized factories to small production lines and SMEs Reduced assembly lines

New concepts & applications combing design freedom and tailor-made materials

Innovative designs

Weight reduction Lattice structures Flow optimization

Heat transfer optimization Assembly into one single part

Agile manufacturing

Fast design iteration

Shorter development cycle

Freedom of design

Part customization

Supply chain sustainability

Buy-to-fly ratio reduction; i.e. reduction of the ratio between the raw material used for a component and the weight of the component itself

© ENGIE Lab

36

3D metal printing

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Additive Manufacturing Technologies:

Tailor-made material configurations for tailor-made functionalities

Heat exchanger concept in	Metal-ceramic FGMs can withstand high heat	Aerosint's concept technology for selective
nickel-based material and	gradients without cracking or plastic	deposition of powder on 3D printing machine build
stainless steel (NLR)	deformation	platform, showing co-pattern of titanium (grey
Source [16]	Source [17]	powder) and polymer PA12 (white powder)
		Source [18]

37

3D metal printing

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Additive Manufacturing Technologies:

Tailor-made structures & designs for tailor-made functionalities

Production of 3D structured catalyst	HIETA compact heat	Michelin's Vision concept tire contains
through micro-extrusion of a ceramic/metallic	exchangers and recuperators	material composition, porosity, and
paste to built a porous material (VITO)	Source [20]	colour gradients
Source [19]		Source [21]

Printing + Functionalisation (coating or impregnation)

Optimizing of pore structure/sizes impacting	Lattice cells	Lightweight metallic structures
Source [23]
mass transfer, heat transfer and pressure drop	Source [24]
Source [22]

38

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Green Mobility:

what is new?

Green Mobility

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Hyperloop:crazy (?) idea from Elon Musk

In 2013, Elon Musk published white paper on Hyperloop: moving by levitating vehicles at high speeds through low- pressure tubes reaching a speed up to 1.200 km/h.

This first design of concept was released as open source and should lead to safer, faster, lower cost, more convenient, immune to weather, sustainably self- powering, resistant to earthquakes and not disruptive for its environment (CO2free, no noise).

© DR

40

Green Mobility

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Hyperloop: from 'crazy' idea to reality?

After the publication of the white paper, it doesn't take long for new companies to start developing this.

The first one Hyperloop One, later supported by Virgin and Richard Brandson.

An important alternative is Hyperloop Transportation Technologies, a start-up regrouping more than 800 experts from all over the world.

Others: Transpod, Hardt Hyperloop, …

	Develpment	Technology	Location
		Based on a low pressure tube
Virgin Hyperloop
One	• Complete test track	• Active magnetic levitation	North America, United
	• Starting new operational	• Linear induction motors	Arab Emirates, India
	track in India
Hyperloop Transport
Technologies	• Test track in progress at	• Passive magnetic levitation	United States, United Arab
	Toulouse	• Linear induction motors	Emirates, India, Europe;
	• Will start soon a new	• Smart material: Vibranium	South Korea, Brazil
	operational track in United
	Arab Emirates
Transpod
	• Plans to build a test track in	• Active magnetic levitation	Canada, France
	France around 2020	• Linear induction motors
		• Axial air compressor
Hardt Hyperloop
	• Plans to build a 5km test	• Magnetic levitation system by	The Netherlands
	track in Holland in the near	the top made of permanent
	future	magnet and electromagnet
		• Linear induction motors

41

Green Mobility

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Real challenge for aviation is the 'queste' for 'sustainable' fuel… Hydrogen?

AIRBUS looking at hydrogen;not to power the jet engines, but to replace the Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)

Energy Density remains crucial for aviation; it is not likely to get (fully) out of hydrocarbon fuels any time soon.

• Factor 4 larger tanks needed in case of LH2and the potential weight gain of hydrogen versus hydrocarbons remains uncertain due to high weight of the containment…

LH2

2ndEnergy for Secondary Power

How to transport 10kWh of energy?

≈ 13.3 L of H2

(20°C, 350 bar), gas

• • 7.7 L of H2(20°C, 700 bar), gas
• 4.2 L of H2

(-250°C, 1 bar), liquid

≈ 3.1 L of NH3

(-30°C, 1 bar), liquid

≈ 1.7 L of CH4

(-160°C, 1 bar), liquid

Kerosene on any other

Hydrocarbon Fuel

≈ 1.1 L of gasoline

1stEnergy Source for

Primary Power

© ENGIE Lab

42

Green Mobility

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Environmental

Sustainability

Social

Economical

Real challenge for aviation is the 'queste' for 'sustainable' fuel… Renewable hydrocarbon

fuels?

Environmental and social impact better than most bio-fuels…

Too expensive todaybut highly dependant on electricity price for electrolysis…

Power-to-liquids production (generic scheme)	Jet fuel costs proected for future PtL plants in 2050
(jet fuel reference price: 42-95 US$/bbl; renewable electricity costs: 40€/MWh; equivalent full-load period: 3750heq/yr)

Source [25]

Source [26]

43

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Self-healing

materials

Self-healing materials

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Self-healing materials (SHM)

Material having the ability to automatically heal (recover/repair) damageswithout any external (human) intervention

'Healing' extends the lifetimeof materials

Two types of self-healing abilities:

Autonomic	Non-autonomic
No trigger needed	Needs external trigger
	(e.g. heat, UV, voltage…)
Direct healing: release of self-	Discontinuous (retarded)
healing agent when damage	healing
occurs
Use of micro/nano-scale	Use of intrinsic self-
carrier containing self-healing	healing matrix or 'self-
agent	healing' carrier

a. Capsule-based

b. vascular

c. intrinsic

Source [27]

Key concepts (non-exhaustive):

• Retention or recovery of mechanical strength through(micro-) crack healing
• Elimination of superficial scratches by induced polymer flow (e.g. automotive)
• Restoration of material properties (gloss, conductivity, acoustics…)

Materials of interest: polymers, composites, paints, coatings, alloys, ceramics and concrete

45

Self-healing materials

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Self-healing
	Release of healing agents
strategies
	microcapsules, hollow fibers, or microvascular
			• Liquid active agents (even bacteria) stored in
			networks that are embedded into systems during
			manufacturing stage.
			• Release of active agent and local
			polymerisation/precipitation/ into cracks to ensure
	Established
		crack closure
	Technologies	TRL 4-8

Self-healing	Reversible cross-link
Strategies
• Cross-link, i.e. bond that links one polymer chain
	to another, is generally irreversible and aims at
Emerging	achieving superior mechanical properties
• Reversible cross-link strategy requires external
Technologies
trigger such as thermal, photo, chemical or

electrical activation and involves complex chemical reactions.

TRL 1-4

Before healing		After healing

mortar

Source [28]

Microcapsule

Bond recovery

Scratch healing

Source [29]

Source [30]

Electro-		Conductivity		Shape		Nanoparticle		Co-deposition
hydrodynamics			Memory Effect		Migration

Maturity level is strongly dependent on applied concept; few commercial activities (e.g. Autonomic Materials)

46

Self-healing materials

Self-healing applications & potential

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Source [31]

Adhesives

Coatings and

paint

Structural

(reinforced)

plastic

components

Concrete

foundations & Structures

Underground and sub-sea cables

Micro-

electronics

• Waterways
• Offshore (wind)
• Harbour infrastructure

Ex: self-healingfluid-filled power cables (Northern Powergrid)

Source [32]

© ENGIE / NEUS / BRUNET ARNAUD - © Freepik - © DR

47

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Conclusions

Conclusions

Emerging technologies and Energy: today and in

future

1. Electrochemical storage: what is new in batteries?
2. Radiative cooling
3. Artificial Intelligence: the concept of duelling neural networks (GANs)
4. Quantum computing
5. CO2cycle
6. Biotech
7. 3D metal printing
8. Green mobility
9. Self-healingmaterial

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

Energy today

1

7 5

Energy in	2	Emerging
future	6technologies
	9	8
		3	4

49

Research

Discussion / Questions

Feel free to contact us @

[e-mail] / [e-mail]

Emerging Sustainable Technologies

1. Steffen W.et al.2015. Planetary Boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science Vol. 347 no. 6223
2. Achzet B.,et al.,ON Communication, 2011. Materials critical to the energy industry. An introduction.
3. Jain R.,et al.,Elsevier, 2016. Environmental impact of mining and mineral processing
4. CNN International, 2018.Cobalt mining in Congo

<http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/05/africa/congo-cobalt-dirty-energy-intl/>

1. INRS, 2018. Charges des batteries d'accumulateurs au plomb. Prévention du risque d'explosion. ED6120 <http://www.inrs.fr/dms/inrs/CataloguePapier/ED/TI-ED-6120/ed6120.pdf>
2. Argonne National Laboratory, 2012. Blog

<https://blogs.anl.gov/greenlab/2012/10/09/how-to-design-a-lithium-ion-battery-with-lower-material-costs/>

[7] Bradbury K., 2010. Energy Storage Technology review

<https://www.kylebradbury.org/docs/papers/Energy-Storage-Technology-Review-Kyle-Bradbury-2010.pdf>

1. ENGIE-IMECcollaboration
2. Morris C., 2014. Toyota researchers developall-solid-stateLi-ion batteries. Charged Electric Vehicles Magazine https://chargedevs.com/newswire/toyota-researchers-develop-all-solid-state-li-ion-batteries/
3. Bermelet al., 2015. Control of radiative processes for energy conversion and harvesting. Optics Express 23(24):A1533-A1540
4. Robert A. Rohde for the Global Warming Art project, 2007

<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Transmissio n.png>

1. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
2. Rocca J., Understanding Generative Adversarial Networks

(GANs). <https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-generative-adversarial-networks-gans-cd6e4651a29>

1. Neuromation, 2018. Creating Molecules from Scratch I: Drug Discovery with Generative Adversarial Networkshttps://medium.com/neuromation-blog/creating-molecules-from-scratch-i-drug-discovery-with-generative-adversarial-networks-9d42cc496fc6
2. Magnin, J.P and J. Deseure, 2019. Hydrogen generation in a pressurized photobioreactor: Unexpected enhancement of biohydrogen production by the phototrophic bacteriumRhodobacter capsulatus,Applied Energy, 239, 635-643
3. NLR. Multimaterial additive manufacturing

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1. Gupta et al., 2015. Recent development in modeling andanalysis of functionally graded materials and structures.Progress in Aerospace Sciences,Vol. 79,1-14
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