INSPERITY, INC. Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2021 , as well as our Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Executive Summary OverviewInsperity, Inc. ("Insperity ," "we," "our," and "us") provides an array of human resources ("HR") and business solutions designed to help improve business performance. Our most comprehensive HR services offerings are provided through our professional employer organization ("PEO") services, known as Workforce Optimization® and Workforce SynchronizationTM solutions (together, our "PEO HR Outsourcing solutions"), which we provide by entering into a co-employment relationship with our clients. Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions encompass a broad range of HR functions, including payroll and employment administration, employee benefits, workers' compensation, government compliance, performance management, and training and development services, along with our cloud-based human capital management solution, the Insperity PremierTM platform.
COVID-19 Pandemic
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including actions taken by businesses and governments, have resulted in significant changes inU.S. economic activity and to the workplace in general. While uncertainties continue regarding the pandemic, including its duration, future variants, and its longer-term impacts, we believe that we are positioned to continue to adjust our business plans and workforce practices as conditions change. In response to the pandemic's impact on the workplace, we implemented flexible remote working arrangements for our employees. To serve our clients, we have instituted a number of service offerings and developed COVID-19 resources to assist clients with obtaining government provided tax credits, tax deferrals, loans and loan forgiveness and to provide guidance to assist clients with addressing the challenges faced by employers as a result of the pandemic. These service offerings and guidance to assist clients with the impacts of the pandemic include additional benefits support; remote workforce transition; monitoring and educating on regulatory changes, including vaccine mandates; return to the workplace; and workplace safety. In the first quarter of 2022 ("Q1 2022"), the average number of WSEEs paid per month increased 19.5% year-over-year as the Q1 2022 increase in WSEEs paid at existing clients combined with WSEEs paid from new sales and client retention all exceeded the first quarter of 2021 ("Q1 2021") levels. We expect the average number of paid WSEEs per month to increase between 18% and 19% in the second quarter of 2022 as compared to the second quarter of 2021, which, if achieved, would equate to the average number of paid WSEEs per month growing 3% to 4% sequentially from the first quarter of 2022. We experienced a 7.4% increase in the year-over-year benefits costs per covered employee during Q1 2022 as compared to Q1 2021. During Q1 2021, we experienced a 1.8% increase in the year-over-year benefits costs per covered employee as compared to Q1 2020. During 2022 and possibly beyond 2022, benefits costs are expected to continue to be affected by the dynamics of the pandemic, including the impact on healthcare utilization and incremental COVID-19 testing, vaccination and treatment costs. This may result in a higher level of healthcare claims costs than our historical claim cost trends. While we have experienced a reduced frequency in workers' compensation claims during the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVID-19 pandemic has not had a material impact on our workers' compensation cost estimate; however, the ultimate impact of COVID-19 on our workers' compensation program remains uncertain. The extent to which our future results are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic will depend on various factors and consequences beyond our control, such as the scope, duration and magnitude of the pandemic, impacts of changes in or variants of the COVID-19 virus, actions by businesses and governments in response to the pandemic, including programs designed to assist small and medium-sized businesses with the economic impact of the pandemic; and the speed and effectiveness of responses to combat the virus, including the development, availability and acceptance of therapeutics and vaccines. See Item 1A. "Risk Factors" included in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for teh year endedDecember 31, 2021 .
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
2022 Highlights
First Quarter 2022 Compared to First Quarter 2021
•Average number of WSEEs paid per month increased 19.5%
•Net income and diluted earnings per share ("diluted EPS") increased 12.9% and
13.2% to
•Adjusted EPS increased 9.3% to
•Adjusted EBITDA increased 13.8% to
Key Financial and Statistical Data
Three Months Ended
March 31,
(in thousands, except per share, WSEE and statistical data) 2022 2021 % Change
Financial data:
Revenues $ 1,577,837 $ 1,286,835 22.6 %
Gross profit 285,774 251,445 13.7 %
Operating expenses 187,379 167,621 11.8 %
Operating income 98,395 83,824 17.4 %
Other expense (1,777) (1,056) 68.3 %
Net income 69,884 61,922 12.9 %
Diluted EPS 1.80 1.59 13.2 %
Non-GAAP financial measures(1):
Adjusted net income $ 77,006 $ 70,766 8.8 %
Adjusted EBITDA 118,573 104,236 13.8 %
Adjusted EPS 1.99 1.82 9.3 %
Average WSEEs paid 278,660 233,170 19.5 %
Statistical data (per WSEE per month):
Revenues(2) $ 1,887 $ 1,840 2.6 %
Gross profit 342 359 (4.7) %
Operating expenses 224 240 (6.7) %
Operating income 118 120 (1.7) %
Net income 84 89 (5.6) %
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(1)Please read "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.
(2)Revenues per WSEE per month are comprised of gross billings per WSEE per month less WSEE payroll costs per WSEE per month as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31,
(per WSEE per month) 2022 2021
Gross billings $ 12,390 $ 11,509
Less: WSEE payroll cost 10,503 9,669
Revenues $ 1,887 $ 1,840 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Results of Operations Key Operating Metrics
We monitor certain key metrics to measure our performance, including:
•WSEEs •Adjusted EBITDA •Adjusted EPS
Our growth in the number of WSEEs paid is affected by three primary sources: new client sales, client retention and the net change in WSEEs paid at existing clients through new hires and layoffs.
•During Q1 2022, WSEEs paid increased 19.5% compared to Q1 2021. The number of
WSEEs paid from new client sales, the net gain (loss) in our client base and
client retention all improved compared to Q1 2021.
Average WSEEs Paid and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Adjusted EBITDA and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage
(in thousands)
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Adjusted EPS and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage
(amounts per share)
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Revenues
Our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenues are primarily derived from our gross
billings, which are based on (1) the payroll cost of our WSEEs and (2) a monthly
markup component.
Our revenues are primarily dependent on the number of clients enrolled, the
resulting number of WSEEs paid each period and the number of WSEEs enrolled in
our benefit plans. Because our monthly markup is computed in part as a
percentage of payroll cost, certain revenues are also affected by the payroll
cost of WSEEs, which may fluctuate based on the composition of the WSEE base,
inflationary effects on wage levels and differences in the local economies of
our markets.
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenue and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage
(in thousands)
[[Image Removed: nsp-20220331_g5.jpg]]
First Quarter 2022 Compared to First Quarter 2021
Our revenues for Q1 2022 were
•Average WSEEs paid increased 19.5%.
•Revenues per WSEE per month increased 2.6%, or
We provide our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions to small and medium-sized businesses
throughout
PEO HR Outsourcing Solutions Revenue by Region
(in thousands)[[Image Removed: nsp-20220331_g6.jpg]] [[Image Removed: nsp-20220331_g7.jpg]] ________________________________________________________
(1)The Southwest region includes
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The percentage of total PEO HR Outsourcing solutions revenue in our significant markets includes the following:
Significant Markets
[[Image Removed: nsp-20220331_g8.jpg]] [[Image Removed: nsp-20220331_g9.jpg]]
We believe the middle market sector, which we generally define as those
companies with employees ranging from approximately 150 to 5,000 WSEEs, has
historically been under-served by the PEO industry. Currently, we have a
dedicated sales management, service personnel, and consulting staff who
concentrate solely on the middle market sector. Our average number of WSEEs per
month in our middle market sector increased 23.1% during Q1 2022 compared to Q1
2021, representing approximately 24.0% and 23.3% of our total average paid WSEEs
during Q1 2022 and Q1 2021, respectively.
Gross Profit
In determining the pricing of the markup component of our gross billings, we take into consideration our estimates of the costs directly associated with our WSEEs, including payroll taxes, benefits and workers' compensation costs, plus an acceptable gross profit margin. As a result, our operating results are significantly impacted by our ability to accurately estimate, control and manage our direct costs relative to the revenues derived from the markup component of our gross billings. Our gross profit per WSEE is primarily determined by our ability to accurately estimate and control direct costs and our ability to incorporate changes in these costs into the gross billings charged to PEO HR Outsourcing solutions clients, which are subject to pricing arrangements that are typically renewed annually. We use gross profit per WSEE per month as our principal measurement of relative performance at the gross profit level.
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Gross Profit and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage
(in thousands)
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Gross Profit per WSEE per Month and
Year-over-Year Growth Percentage
[[Image Removed: nsp-20220331_g11.jpg]]
First Quarter 2022 Compared to First Quarter 2021
Gross profit for Q1 2022 increased 13.7% to$285.8 million compared to$251.4 million in Q1 2021. Gross profit per WSEE per month for Q1 2022 decreased$17 to$342 compared to$359 in Q1 2021 due primarily to higher direct costs, offset in part by higher average pricing, as discussed below.
Our pricing objectives attempt to achieve a level of revenue per WSEE that
matches or exceeds changes in primary direct costs and operating expenses. Our
revenues per WSEE per month increased
The net decrease in direct costs between Q1 2022 and Q1 2021 attributable to the changes in cost estimates for benefits and workers' compensation totaled$6.4 million as discussed below. The$64 per WSEE per month increase in direct costs is due primarily to the direct cost components changes as follows:
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Benefits costs
•The cost of group health insurance and related employee benefits increased
•The percentage of WSEEs covered under our health insurance plans was 66.3% in Q1 2022 compared to 67.8% in Q1 2021.
•Reported results include changes in estimated claims run-off related to prior periods, which was an increase in costs of$0.8 million , or$1 per WSEE per month, in Q1 2022 compared to an increase in costs of$5.5 million , or$8 per WSEE per month, in Q1 2021.
Please read Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Accounting Policies - Health Insurance Costs," for a discussion of our accounting for health insurance costs.
Workers' compensation costs
Our continued discipline around our client selection, safety and claims management has allowed for claims within our policy periods to be closed out at amounts below our original cost estimates.
•Workers' compensation costs decreased 3.4%, or
•As a percentage of non-bonus payroll cost, workers' compensation costs were 0.20% in Q1 2022 and 0.26% Q1 2021.
•We recorded a reduction in workers' compensation costs of$14.9 million , or 0.22% of non-bonus payroll costs, in Q1 2022 compared to a reduction of$13.2 million , or 0.25% of non-bonus payroll costs, in Q1 2021, primarily as a result of closing out claims at lower than expected costs.
Please read Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Accounting Policies - Workers' Compensation Costs," for a discussion of our accounting for workers' compensation costs.
Payroll tax costs •Payroll taxes increased 25.4% on a 29.8% increase in payroll costs, or$37 per WSEE per month, primarily due to the non-recurrence of the Q1 2021 collection of a$5.5 million federal payroll tax refund related to a prior year.
•Payroll taxes as a percentage of payroll costs decreased to 7.5% in Q1 2022 compared to 7.8% Q1 2021.
Operating Expenses
•Salaries, wages and payroll taxes - Salaries, wages and payroll taxes ("Salaries") are primarily a function of the number of corporate employees, their associated average pay and any additional incentive compensation.
•Stock-based compensation - Our stock-based compensation relates to the recognition of non-cash compensation expense over the requisite service period of time-vested and performance-based awards.
•Commissions - Commissions expense consists primarily of amounts paid to sales managers and other sales personnel, including business performance advisors ("BPAs"), as well as, channel referral fees. Commissions are based on new accounts sold and a percentage of revenue generated by such personnel.
•Advertising - Advertising expense primarily consists of media advertising and other business promotions in our current and anticipated sales markets.
•General and administrative expenses - Our general and administrative expenses primarily include:
•rent expenses related to our service centers and sales offices
•outside professional service fees related to legal, consulting and accounting services
•administrative costs, such as postage, printing and supplies
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
•employee travel and training expenses
•technology and facility costs, including repairs, maintenance and software-as-a-service ("SaaS") licensing costs
•Depreciation and amortization - Depreciation and amortization expense is primarily a function of our capital investments in corporate facilities, service centers, sales offices, software development and technology infrastructure.
First Quarter 2022 Compared to First Quarter 2021
The following table presents certain information related to our operating
expenses:
Three Months Ended March 31,
per WSEE
(in thousands, except per WSEE) 2022 2021 % Change 2022 2021 % Change
Salaries $ 107,439 $ 103,075 4.2 % $ 129 $ 147 (12.2) %
Stock-based compensation 9,846 11,822 (16.7) % 12 17 (29.4) %
Commissions 10,310 7,719 33.6 % 12 11 9.1 %
Advertising 8,595 5,322 61.5 % 10 8 25.0 %
General and administrative 41,005 31,636 29.6 % 49 45 8.9 %
Depreciation and amortization 10,184 8,047 26.6 % 12 12 -
Total operating expenses $ 187,379 $ 167,621 11.8 % $ 224 $ 240 (6.7) %
Operating expenses for Q1 2022 increased 11.8% to $187.4 million compared to
$167.6 million in Q1 2021. Operating expenses per WSEE per month for Q1 2022
decreased 6.7% to $224 compared to $240 in Q1 2021.
•Salaries of corporate and sales staff for Q1 2022 increased 4.2% to $107.4
million , but decreased $18 on a per WSEE per month basis, compared to Q1 2021,
on the 19.5% increase in WSEEs paid per month.
•Stock-based compensation expense for Q1 2022 decreased 16.7% to $9.8 million ,
or $5 per WSEE per month, compared to Q1 2021. The decrease was primarily due to
the non-recurrence of stock-based compensation expense related to our 2020
short-term performance based awards that vested in Q1 2021.
•Commissions expense for Q1 2022 increased 33.6% to $10.3 million , or $1 per
WSEE per month, compared to Q1 2021. The increase was primarily due to
commissions associated with our PEO HR Outsourcing solutions, including a new
incentive program for our BPAs, as well as an increase in the amount of sales
channel referral fees paid during 2022.
•Advertising expense for Q1 2022 increased 61.5% to $8.6 million , or $2 per WSEE
per month, compared to Q1 2021. The increase was primarily due to increases in
radio, print and digital advertising and sponsorship costs.
•General and administrative expenses for Q1 2022 increased 29.6% to
•Depreciation and amortization expense for Q1 2022 increased 26.6% to$10.2 million , but remained flat on a per WSEE per month basis, compared to Q1 2021. The increase was primarily due to the completion of a new facility on our corporate campus and increased capital expenditures related to software development costs.
Other Income (Expense)
Other Income (expense) for Q1 2022 was net expense of
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Income Tax Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,
2022 2021
Effective income tax rate 27.7% 25.2%
For the three months ended March 31, 2022 , our provision for income taxes
differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to state income taxes,
non-deductible expenses and vesting of restricted and long-term incentive stock
awards. During the first three months of 2022 and 2021, we recognized an income
tax benefit of $0.5 million and $2.2 million , respectively, related to the
vesting of short-term, long-term incentive, and restricted stock awards.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as a substitute for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures used to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures as provided in the tables below. Non-GAAP Measure Definition
Benefit of Non-GAAP Measure Non-bonus payroll cost Non-bonus payroll cost is a non-GAAP Our management refers to non-bonus
financial measure that excludes the impact payroll cost in analyzing, reporting
of bonus payrolls paid to our WSEEs. and forecasting our workers'
compensation costs.
Bonus payroll cost varies from period to
period, but has no direct impact to our We include these non-GAAP financial
ultimate workers' compensation costs under measures because we believe they are
the current program. useful to investors in allowing for
greater transparency related to the
costs incurred under our current
workers' compensation program.
Adjusted cash, cash Excludes funds associated with:
equivalents and • federal and state income tax
marketable securities withholdings,
• employment taxes,
• other payroll deductions, and
• client prepayments. Webelieve that the exclusion of the
identified items helps us reflect the
fundamentals of our underlying business
model and analyze results against our
EBITDA Represents net income computed in expectations, against prior periods,
accordance with GAAP, plus: and to plan for future periods by
• interest expense, focusing on our underlying operations.
• income tax expense, We believe that the adjusted results
• depreciation and amortization expense, provide relevant and useful information
and for investors because they allow
• amortization of SaaS implementation costs investors to view performance in a
manner similar to the method used by
Adjusted EBITDA Represents EBITDA plus: management and improves their ability
• non-cash stock-based compensation. to understand and assess our operating
performance. Adjusted EBITDA is used by
Adjusted net income Represents net income computed in our lenders to assess our leverage and
accordance with GAAP, excluding: ability to make interest payments.
• non-cash stock-based compensation.
Adjusted EPS Represents diluted net income per share
computed in accordance with GAAP,
excluding:
• non-cash stock-based compensation.
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Following is a reconciliation of payroll cost (GAAP) to non-bonus payroll costs
(non-GAAP):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2022 2021
(in thousands, except per WSEE per month) Per WSEE Per WSEE
Payroll cost $ 8,780,068 $ 10,503 $ 6,763,587 $ 9,669
Less: Bonus payroll cost 1,983,853 2,373 1,420,475 2,031
Non-bonus payroll cost $ 6,796,215 $ 8,130 $ 5,343,112 $ 7,638
% Change period over period 27.2 % 6.4 % 3.6 % 5.8 %
Following is a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities (GAAP) to adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities (non-GAAP):
(in thousands) March 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities
$ 607,603 Less: Amounts payable for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions 338,278 424,800 Client prepayments 117,807 20,054
Adjusted cash, cash equivalents and marketable
$ 162,749
securities
Following is a reconciliation of net income (GAAP) to EBITDA (non-GAAP) and
adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP):
Three Months Ended March 31,
2022 2021
(in thousands, except per WSEE per month) Per WSEE Per WSEE
Net income $ 69,884 $ 84 $ 61,922 $ 89
Income tax expense 26,734 32 20,846 30
Interest expense 1,925 2 1,599 2
Depreciation and amortization 10,184 12 8,047 11
EBITDA 108,727 130 92,414 132
Stock-based compensation 9,846 12 11,822 17
Adjusted EBITDA $ 118,573 $ 142 $ 104,236 $ 149
% Change period over period 13.8 % (4.7) % 2.9 % 4.9 %
Following is a reconciliation of net income (GAAP) to adjusted net income
(non-GAAP):
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) 2022 2021
Net income $ 69,884 $ 61,922
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Stock-based compensation 9,846 11,822
Tax effect (2,724) (2,978)
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net 7,122 8,844
Adjusted net income $ 77,006 $ 70,766
% Change period over period 8.8 % 5.8 %
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Following is a reconciliation of diluted EPS (GAAP) to adjusted EPS (non-GAAP):
Three Months Ended March 31,
(amounts per share) 2022 2021
Diluted EPS $ 1.80 $ 1.59
Non-GAAP adjustments:
Stock-based compensation 0.25 0.30
Tax effect (0.06) (0.07)
Total non-GAAP adjustments, net 0.19 0.23
Adjusted EPS $
1.99
% Change period over period 9.3 % 7.1 %
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We periodically evaluate our liquidity requirements, capital needs and availability of resources in view of, among other things, our expansion plans, stock repurchases, potential acquisitions, debt service requirements and other operating cash needs. To meet short-term liquidity requirements, which are primarily the payment of direct costs and operating expenses, we rely primarily on cash from operations. Longer-term projects, large stock repurchases or significant acquisitions may be financed with public or private debt or equity. We have a$500 million revolving credit facility ("Facility") with a syndicate of financial institutions. The Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes, including acquisitions and stock repurchases. We have in the past sought, and may in the future seek, to raise additional capital or take other steps to increase or manage our liquidity and capital resources. We had$609.3 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities atMarch 31, 2022 , of which approximately$338.3 million was payable in earlyApril 2022 for withheld federal and state income taxes, employment taxes and other payroll deductions, and approximately$117.8 million represented client prepayments that were payable inApril 2022 . AtMarch 31, 2022 , we had working capital of$145.3 million compared to$116.3 million atDecember 31, 2021 . We currently believe that our cash on hand, marketable securities, cash flows from operations and availability under the Facility will be adequate to meet our liquidity requirements for the remainder of 2022. We intend to rely on these same sources, as well as public and private debt or equity financing, to meet our longer-term liquidity and capital needs, which we continually monitor in light of our strategic goals and the significant uncertainty related to the ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
As of
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities in the first three months of 2022 was$58.8 million . Our primary source of cash from operations is the comprehensive service fee and payroll funding we collect from our clients. Our cash and cash equivalents, and thus our reported cash flows from operating activities, are significantly impacted by various external and internal factors, which are reflected in part by the changes in our balance sheet accounts. These include the following: •Timing of client payments / payroll taxes - We typically collect our comprehensive service fee, along with the client's payroll funding, from clients no later than the same day as the payment of WSEE payrolls and associated payroll taxes. Therefore, the last business day of a reporting period has a substantial impact on our reporting of operating cash flows. For example, many WSEEs are paid on Fridays; therefore, operating cash flows decrease in the reporting periods that end on a Friday or a Monday. In the period endedMarch 31, 2022 , the last business day of the reporting period was a Thursday, client prepayments were$117.8 million and employment taxes and other deductions were$338.3 million . In the period endedMarch 31, 2021 , the last business day of the reporting period was a Wednesday, client prepayments were$58.9 million and employment taxes and other deductions were$273.5 million .
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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS •Medical plan funding - Our health care contract with United establishes participant cash funding rates 90 days in advance of the beginning of a reporting quarter. Therefore, changes in the participation level of the United plan have a direct impact on our operating cash flows. In addition, changes to the funding rates, which are solely determined by United based primarily upon recent claim history and anticipated cost trends, also have a significant impact on our operating cash flows. As ofMarch 31, 2022 , premiums owed and cash funded to United have exceeded the costs of the United plan, resulting in a$13.3 million surplus,$4.3 million of which is reflected as a current asset, and$9.0 million of which is reflected as a long-term asset on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The premiums, including an additional quarterly premium, owed to United atMarch 31, 2022 , were$55.0 million , which is included in accrued health insurance costs, a current liability, on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. •Operating results - Our adjusted net income has a significant impact on our operating cash flows. Our adjusted net income increased 8.8% to$77.0 million in the first three months endedMarch 31, 2022 , compared to$70.8 million in the first three months endedMarch 31, 2021 . Please read "Results of Operations - First Three Months 2022 Compared to First Three Months 2021."
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash flows used in investing activities were
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash flows used in financing activities were$43.9 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2022 . We paid$17.2 million in dividends and repurchased or withheld$27.4 million in stock.
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QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK AND CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We are primarily exposed to market risks from fluctuations in interest rates and the effects of those fluctuations on the market values of our cash equivalent short-term investments, our available-for-sale marketable securities and our borrowings under our Facility, which bears interest at a variable market rate. As ofMarch 31, 2022 , we had outstanding letters of credit and borrowings totaling$370.4 million under the Facility. Please read Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, "Long-Term Debt," for additional information. The cash equivalent short-term investments consist primarily of overnight investments, which are not significantly exposed to interest rate risk, except to the extent that changes in interest rates will ultimately affect the amount of interest income earned on these investments. Our available-for-sale marketable securities are subject to interest rate risk because these securities generally include a fixed interest rate. As a result, the market values of these securities are affected by changes in prevailing interest rates. We attempt to limit our exposure to interest rate risk primarily through diversification and low investment turnover. Our investment policy is designed to maximize after-tax interest income while preserving our principal investment. As a result, our marketable securities consist of tax-exempt short term and intermediate term debt securities, which are primarilyU.S. Government Securities .
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