The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. The following discussion contains "forward-looking statements" that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of risks and uncertainties, including those described in "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," the Annual Report under the heading "Item 1A. Risk Factors," and in "Part II - Other Information, Item 1A.-Risk Factors" included herein. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.
Overview
The Company, together with its subsidiaries, is a leading integrated oilfield services and technology company focused on providing innovative hydraulic fracturing services and related technologies to onshore oil and natural gas E&P companies inNorth America . We offer customers hydraulic fracturing services, together with complementary services including wireline services, proppant delivery solutions, data analytics, related goods (including our sand mine operations), and technologies that will facilitate lower emission completions, thereby helping our customers reduce their emissions profile. We have grown from one active hydraulic fracturing fleet inDecember 2011 to over 30 active fleets as ofJune 30, 2022 . We provide our services primarily in thePermian Basin , theEagle Ford Shale , theDJ Basin , theWilliston Basin , theSan Juan Basin , thePowder River Basin , theHaynesville Shale , the SCOOP/STACK, theMarcellus Shale ,Utica Shale , and theWestern Canadian Sedimentary Basin . Additionally, we operate two sand mines in thePermian Basin . OnDecember 31, 2020 , the Company acquired certain assets and liabilities of Schlumberger's OneStim business, which provides hydraulic fracturing pressure pumping services in onshoreUnited States andCanada , including its pressure pumping, pumpdown perforating and Permian frac sand business, in exchange for consideration resulting in a total of 66,326,134 shares of the Class A Common Stock being issued in connection with the OneStim Acquisition. As ofJuly 22, 2022 , Schlumberger owned 12.3% of the issued and outstanding shares of our Common Stock. The combined company delivers best-in-class completion services for the sustainable development of unconventional resource plays inthe United States andCanada onshore markets. OnOctober 26, 2021 , the Company acquired PropX in exchange for$11.9 million in cash and 3,405,526 shares of Class A Common Stock and 2,441,010 shares of Class B Common Stock, and 2,441,010 Liberty LLC Units, for total consideration of$103.0 million , based on the Class A Common Stock closing price of$15.58 onOctober 26, 2021 , subject to customary post-closing adjustments.The Liberty LLC Units are redeemable for an equivalent number of shares of Class A Common Stock at any time, at the election of the shareholder. Founded in 2016, PropX is a leading provider of last-mile proppant delivery solutions including proppant handling equipment and logistics software acrossNorth America . PropX offers innovative environmentally friendly technology with optimized dry and wet sand containers and wellsite proppant handling equipment that drive logistics efficiency and reduce noise and emissions. We believe that PropX wet sand handling technology is a key enabler of the next step of cost and emissions reductions in the proppant industry. PropX also offers customers the latest real-time logistics software, PropConnect, for sale or as hosted software as a service. We believe technical innovation and strong relationships with our customer and supplier bases distinguish us from our competitors and are the foundations of our business. We expect that E&P companies will continue to focus on technological innovation as completion complexity and fracture intensity of horizontal wells increases, particularly as customers are increasingly focused on reducing emissions from their completions operations. We remain proactive in developing innovative solutions to industry challenges, including developing: (i) our databases ofU.S. unconventional wells to which we apply our proprietary multi-variable statistical analysis technologies to provide differential insight into fracture design optimization; (ii) our Liberty Quiet Fleet® design which significantly reduces noise levels compared to conventional hydraulic fracturing fleets; (iii) hydraulic fracturing fluid systems tailored to the specific reservoir properties in the basins in which we operate; (iv) our dual fuel dynamic gas blending fleets that allow our engines to run diesel or a combination of diesel and natural gas, to optimize fuel use, reduce emissions and lower costs; (v) the successful test of digiFrac™, our innovative, purpose-built electric frac pump that has approximately 25% lower CO2e emission profile than the Tier IV DGB; and (vi) our PropX wet sand handling technology which eliminates the need to dry sand, enabling the deployment of mobile mines nearer to wellsites. In addition, our integrated supply chain includes proppant, chemicals, equipment, logistics and integrated software which we believe promotes wellsite efficiency and leads to more pumping hours and higher productivity throughout the year to better service our customers. In order to achieve our technological objectives, we carefully manage our liquidity and debt position to promote operational flexibility and invest in the business throughout the full commodity cycle in the regions we operate. 22
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Recent Trends and Outlook
While the global economic recovery outlook has softened on reverberating impacts from higher inflation, rising interest rates and the Russian invasion ofUkraine , oil and gas markets remain constructive. Today, low global oil and gas inventories, limitedOPEC spare production capacity and a lack of refining capacity are concurrently being met with increased energy demand. Oil and natural gas demand growth is coming in part from the post-pandemic recovery in travel,China's emergence from its enforced Covid lockdowns, plus seasonal demand. These are all further exacerbated by theRussia /Ukraine conflict and the potential for sanctions imposed on Russian oil exports, coupled withRussia's decision to constrain natural gas pipeline exports toEurope .North America is positioned to be a large provider of incremental oil and gas supply. Today, E&P operators are evaluating the opportunity to deploy incremental capital inNorth America to modestly grow production while remaining focused on shareholder priorities. Supply is restricted by a tight frac market, where equipment, supply chain and labor constraints limit frac fleet availability and service quality. Moreover, many operators desire modern, ESG-friendly frac fleet technologies that provide the opportunity for both emissions reductions and fuel savings. The frac market is near full utilization and we expect the supply of available frac fleets to remain tight through the remainder of 2022. We were disciplined in restraining fleet reactivations in the post-Covid era but pricing has now recovered to where we, in support of our customers' long-term development needs, are reactivating several of our recently acquired, available fleets. Importantly, these long-term, dedicated customers seek additional next generation fleets that are not readily available today, and we are providing an avenue to serve those customers and simultaneously driving free cash flow from these existing fleets to reinvest in our fleet modernization program. During the second quarter of 2022, the posted WTI price traded at an average of$108.83 per barrel ("Bbl"), as compared to the second quarter of 2021 average of$66.19 per Bbl, and first quarter of 2022 average of$95.18 per Bbl. In addition, the average domestic onshore rig count forthe United States andCanada was 810 rigs reported in the second quarter of 2022, up from the second quarter of 2021 of 508 and slightly decreased from the first quarter of 2022 of 816, according to a report fromBaker Hughes . 23
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Results of Operations
Three months ended
Three months ended June 30, Description 2022 2021 Change (in thousands) Revenue$ 942,619
713,718 521,956 191,762 General and administrative 42,162 29,403 12,759 Transaction, severance and other costs 2,192 2,996 (804) Depreciation, depletion and amortization 77,379 63,214 14,165 Gain on disposal of assets (3,436) (277) (3,159) Operating income (loss) 110,604 (36,004) 146,608 Other expense, net 5,030 462 4,568 Net income (loss) before income taxes 105,574 (36,466) 142,040 Income tax expense 235 16,006 (15,771) Net income (loss) 105,339 (52,472) 157,811
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests
183 (1,912) 2,095 Net income (loss) attributable toLiberty Energy Inc. stockholders$ 105,156 $ (50,560) $ 155,716 Revenue Our revenue increased$361.3 million , or 62.2%, to$942.6 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$581.3 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increase in revenue is attributable to higher service pricing and an activity-driven increase in fleet utilization and efficiency commensurate with increased demand for hydraulic fracturing services.
Cost of Services
Cost of services (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization) increased$191.8 million , or 36.7%, to$713.7 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$522.0 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . The higher expense was primarily related to increases in materials and parts consumption and higher labor costs related to higher fleet utilization as well as ongoing inflationary increases impacting costs for materials, labor, and maintenance parts.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses increased$12.8 million , or 43.4%, to$42.2 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$29.4 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 primarily related to increases in performance-based variable compensation, labor cost inflation, and corporate costs related to increased activity.
Transaction, Severance and Other Costs
Transaction, severance and other costs decreased$0.8 million , or 26.8%, to$2.2 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$3.0 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . The costs incurred in the three months endedJune 30, 2021 primarily related to integration cost, investment banking, legal, accounting, and other professional services provided in connection with the OneStim Acquisition. Such costs were lower during the three months endedJune 30, 2022 as the integration efforts move towards completion.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization
Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense increased$14.2 million , or 22.4%, to$77.4 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$63.2 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increase in 2022 was due to additional equipment placed in service since the prior year period and additional depreciation from property acquired in the PropX Acquisition. 24
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Gain on Disposal of Assets
The Company recognized a gain on disposal of assets of$3.4 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 primarily as a result of the sale of used field equipment and light duty trucks in a strong used vehicle and equipment market compared to a gain of$0.3 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 due to miscellaneous equipment disposals. All disposals recorded during the three months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021 were in the normal course of business.
Operating Income (Loss)
The Company recorded operating income of$110.6 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to operating loss of$36.0 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 , an increase in operating results of$146.6 million , or 407.2%. The increase in operating income is primarily due to the$361.3 million , or 62.2%, increase in total revenue only partially offset by a$214.7 million increase in total operating expenses, the significant components of which are discussed above.
Other Expense, net
Other expense, net increased$4.6 million , or 988.7%, to$5.0 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$0.5 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . Other expense, net is comprised of loss (gain) on remeasurement of liability under the TRAs and interest expense, net. The Company remeasured the liability under the TRAs resulting in a loss of$0.2 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 , compared to a gain of$3.3 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . Additionally, interest expense, net increased$1.1 million as a result of increased borrowings under the credit facility.
Net Income (loss) before Income Taxes
The Company realized net income before income taxes of$105.6 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to net loss before income taxes of$36.5 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increase in income is primarily attributable to an increase in revenue, as discussed above, related to the increase in activity and service pricing.
Income Tax Expense
We recognized a tax expense of$0.2 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 , at an effective rate of 0.2%, compared to a tax expense of$16.0 million , at an effective rate of (43.9)%, recognized during the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . The decrease in income tax expense is primarily attributable to the Company recording a valuation allowance on itsU.S. net deferred tax assets, beginning in the second quarter of 2021, resulting in income tax expense for that period, while in subsequent periods no tax expense or benefit is recognized onU.S. state and federal income or loss. 25
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Six months ended
Six months ended June 30, Description 2022 2021 Change (in thousands) Revenue$ 1,735,389
1,383,737 1,020,891 362,846 General and administrative 80,480 55,762 24,718 Transaction, severance and other costs 3,526 10,617 (7,091) Depreciation, depletion and amortization 151,967 125,270 26,697 Loss (gain) on disposal of assets 1,236 (997) 2,233 Operating income (loss) 114,443 (78,223) 192,666 Other expense, net 13,519 4,216 9,303 Net income (loss) before income taxes 100,924 (82,439) 183,363 Income tax expense 1,065 8,649 (7,584) Net income (loss) 99,859 (91,088) 190,947
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests
79 (6,323) 6,402 Net income (loss) attributable toLiberty Energy Inc. stockholders$ 99,780 $ (84,765) $ 184,545 Revenue Our revenue increased$602.1 million , or 53.1%, to$1.7 billion for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$1.1 billion for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increase in revenue is attributable to higher service pricing and an activity-driven increase in fleet utilization and efficiency commensurate with increased demand for hydraulic fracturing services.
Cost of Services
Cost of services (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization) increased$362.8 million , or 35.5%, to$1.4 billion for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$1.0 billion for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The higher expense was primarily related to increases in materials and parts consumption and higher labor costs related to higher fleet utilization as well as inflationary increases impacting costs for materials, labor, and maintenance parts. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses increased$24.7 million , or 44.3%, to$80.5 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$55.8 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 primarily related to increases from reinstated bonus programs which had been temporarily suspended during the first quarter of 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, labor cost inflation, and corporate costs related to increased levels of activity.
Transaction, Severance and Other Costs
Transaction, severance and other costs decreased$7.1 million , or 66.8%, to$3.5 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$10.6 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The costs incurred in the six months endedJune 30, 2021 primarily related to integration costs, investment banking, legal, accounting, and other professional services provided in connection with the OneStim Acquisition. Such costs were lower during the six months endedJune 30, 2022 as the integration efforts move towards completion.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization
Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense increased$26.7 million , or 21.3%, to$152.0 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$125.3 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increase in 2022 was due to additional equipment placed in service since the prior year period and additional depreciation from property acquired in the PropX Acquisition. 26
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Loss (gain) on disposal of assets
The Company recognized a loss on disposal of assets of$1.2 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 primarily as a result of the sale of one and plan of sale for another non-strategic facility acquired in the OneStim Acquisition compared to a gain of$1.0 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 due to miscellaneous equipment disposals in the normal course of business.
Operating Income (Loss)
The Company recorded operating income of$114.4 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to operating loss of$78.2 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 , The operating income is primarily due to the$602.1 million , or 53.1%, increase in total revenue partially offset by a$409.4 million increase in total operating expenses, the significant components of which are discussed above.
Other Expense, net
Other expense, net increased$9.3 million to$13.5 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$4.2 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . Other expense, net is comprised of loss on remeasurement of liability under the TRAs and interest expense, net. The Company remeasured the liability under the TRAs resulting in a loss of$4.3 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , compared to a gain of$3.3 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . Additionally, interest expense increased$1.7 million as a result of increased borrowings under the credit facility.
Net Income (Loss) before Income Taxes
The Company realized net income before income taxes of$100.9 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to net loss before income taxes of$82.4 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increase in results is primarily attributable to an increase in revenue, as discussed above, related to the increase in activity and service pricing.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense decreased$7.6 million to$1.1 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , at an effective rate of 1.1%, compared to$8.6 million , at an effective rate of (10.5)%, recognized during the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . This decrease in income tax expense is primarily attributable to the Company recording a valuation allowance on itsU.S. net deferred tax assets, beginning in the second quarter of 2021, resulting in income tax expense for that period, while in subsequent periods no tax expense or benefit is recognized onU.S. state and federal income or loss.
Comparison of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We view EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as important indicators of performance. We define EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, and depreciation, depletion and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted to eliminate the effects of items such as non-cash stock based compensation, new fleet or new basin start-up costs, fleet lay-down costs, costs of asset acquisitions, gain or loss on the disposal of assets, bad debt reserves, transaction, severance, and other costs, the loss or gain on remeasurement of liability under our tax receivable agreements and other non-recurring expenses that management does not consider in assessing ongoing performance. Our board of directors, management, investors, and lenders use EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to assess our financial performance because it allows them to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure (such as varying levels of interest expense), asset base (such as depreciation, depletion and amortization) and other items that impact the comparability of financial results from period to period. We present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA because we believe they provide useful information regarding the factors and trends affecting our business in addition to measures calculated under GAAP.
Note Regarding Non-GAAP Financial Measures
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP. We believe that the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures will provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial performance and results of operations. Net income (loss) is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. Our non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as alternatives to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Each of these non-GAAP financial measures has important limitations as an analytical tool due to exclusion of some but not all items that affect the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. You should not consider EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA in isolation or as substitutes for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility. 27
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The following tables present a reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to our net loss, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure for the periods presented:
Three and six months ended
Three Months Ended June 30, Six Months Ended June 30, Description 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change (in thousands) Net income (loss)$ 105,339 $ (52,472) $ 157,811 $ 99,859 $ (91,088) $ 190,947 Depreciation, depletion and amortization 77,379 63,214 14,165 151,967 125,270 26,697 Interest expense 4,862 3,767 1,095 9,186 7,521 1,665 Income tax expense 235 16,006 (15,771) 1,065 8,649 (7,584) EBITDA$ 187,815 $ 30,515
5,899 (1,698) 11,014 10,846 168 Fleet start-up and lay-down costs 5,169 - 5,169 5,754 - 5,754 Transaction, severance and other costs 2,192 2,996 (804) 3,526 10,617 (7,091) (Gain) loss on disposal of assets (3,436) (277) (3,159) 1,236 (997) 2,233 Provision for credit losses - 745 (745) - 745 (745) Loss (gain) on remeasurement of liability under tax receivable agreements 168 (3,305) 3,473 4,333 (3,305) 7,638 Adjusted EBITDA$ 196,109 $ 36,573
EBITDA was$187.8 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$30.5 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . Adjusted EBITDA was$196.1 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$36.6 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increases in EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA primarily resulted from improved market conditions and activity levels as described above under the captions Revenue, Cost of Services, and General and Administrative Expenses for the Three Months EndedJune 30, 2022 compared to the Three Months EndedJune 30, 2021 . EBITDA was$262.1 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$50.4 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . Adjusted EBITDA was$287.9 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to$68.3 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The increases in EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA primarily resulted from improved market conditions and activity levels as described above under the captions Revenue, Cost of Services, and General and Administrative Expenses for the Six Months EndedJune 30, 2022 compared to the Six Months EndedJune 30, 2021 .
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Historically, our primary sources of liquidity to date have been cash flows from operations, proceeds from our IPO, and borrowings under our Credit Facilities. We expect to fund operations and organic growth with cash flows from operations and available borrowings under our Credit Facilities. We monitor the availability of capital resources such as equity and debt financings that could be leverage for current or future financial obligations including those related to acquisitions, capital expenditures, working capital and other liquidity requirements. We may incur additional indebtedness or issue equity in order to meet our capital expenditure activities and liquidity requirements, as well as to fund growth opportunities that we pursue, including via acquisition, such as with the OneStim Acquisition and the PropX Acquisition. Our primary uses of capital have been capital expenditures to support organic growth and funding ongoing operations, including maintenance and fleet upgrades. Cash and cash equivalents increased by$21.5 million to$41.5 million as ofJune 30, 2022 compared to$20.0 million as ofDecember 31, 2021 , while working capital excluding cash and current liabilities under debt and lease arrangements increased$134.9 million . 28
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We have$350.0 million committed under the ABL Facility, increased to$425 million subsequent toJune 30, 2022 , see Note 17-Subsequent Events to the consolidated financial statements included in "Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)" for further details, subject to certain borrowing base limitations based on a percentage of eligible accounts receivable and inventory available to finance working capital needs. As ofJune 30, 2022 , the borrowing base was calculated to be$350.0 million , and the Company had$150.0 million outstanding, in addition to a letter of credit in the amount of$1.4 million , with$198.6 million of remaining availability. Additionally, we have$105.6 million borrowings remaining on the Term Loan Facility, which was originally$175.0 million . The ABL Facility has a maturity date of the earlier of (a)October 22, 2026 and (b) to the extent the debt under the Term Loan Facility remains outstanding 90 days prior to the final maturity of the Term Loan Facility, which matures onSeptember 19, 2024 .
The Credit Facilities contain covenants that restrict our ability to take
certain actions. At
See Note 8-Debt to the consolidated financial statements included in "Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)" for further details.
We have no material off balance sheet arrangements as ofJune 30, 2022 , except for purchase commitments under supply agreements as disclosed above under "Item 1. Financial Statements-Note 15-Commitments & Contingencies." As such, we are not materially exposed to any other financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in such financing arrangements.
Share Repurchase Program
Under our share repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase up to$250.0 million of outstanding Class A Common Stock through and includingJuly 31, 2024 . Shares may be repurchased from time to time for cash in the open market transactions, through block trades, in privately negotiated transactions, through derivative transactions or by other means in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The timing and the amount of repurchases, if any, will be determined by the Company at its discretion based on an evaluation of market conditions, capital allocation alternatives and other factors. The share repurchase program does not require us to purchase any dollar amount or number of shares of our Class A Common Stock and may be modified, suspended, extended or terminated at any time without prior notice. The Company expects to fund the repurchases by using cash on hand, borrowings under its revolving credit facility and expected free cash flow to be generated over the next two years.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:
Six Months Ended June 30, Description 2022 2021 Change (in thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities$ 135,629 $ 35,566 $ 100,063 Net cash used in investing activities (232,824)
(65,895) (166,929) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 118,758 (8,175) 126,933
Analysis of Cash Flow Changes Between the Six Months Ended
Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was$135.6 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , compared to$35.6 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The$100.1 million increase in cash from operating activities is primarily attributable to a$602.1 million increase in revenues, offset by a$380.5 million increase in cash operating expenses and a$134.3 million decrease in cash from changes in working capital for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , compared to a$14.4 million decrease in cash from changes in working capital for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was$232.8 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , compared to$65.9 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . Cash used in investing activities was higher during the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , compared to the six months endedJune 30, 2021 as the Company continued to invest in equipment, including building new digiFrac™ fleets, to support increased customer demand in next generation equipment and technology. Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was$118.8 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , compared to net cash used in financing activities of$8.2 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The$126.9 million increase in cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to net borrowings of$132.0 million on the ABL 29
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Facility during the six months ended
Cash Requirements
Our material cash commitments consist primarily of obligations under long-term debt, TRAs, finance and operating leases for property and equipment, and purchase obligations as part of normal operations. We have no material off balance sheet arrangements as ofJune 30, 2022 , except for obligations of$27.4 million payable within 2022,$18.2 million in 2023, and$4.2 million payable thereafter. See Note 15-Commitments & Contingencies to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in "Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)" for information regarding scheduled contractual obligations. There have been no other material changes to cash requirements since the year endedDecember 31, 2021 . Income Taxes The Company is a corporation and is subject toU.S. federal, state, and local income tax on its share ofLiberty LLC's taxable income. The Company is also subject toCanada federal and provincial income tax on its foreign operations. The combined effective tax rate applicable to the Company for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021 was 1.1% and (10.5)%, respectively. The Company's effective tax rate is significantly less than the federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0% due to the Company recording a valuation allowance on itsU.S. net deferred tax assets as ofJune 30, 2022 , due to entering into a three year cumulative pre-tax book loss position, primarily as a result of COVID-19 related losses in 2021. The Company's effective tax rate is also less than the statutory rate because of foreign operations for 2021, and the non-controlling interest's share ofLiberty LLC's pass-through results for federal, state and local income tax reporting, upon which no taxes are payable by the Company for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021. The Company recognized income tax expense of$0.2 million and$1.1 million for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2022 , respectively, and$16.0 million and$8.6 million for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2021 , respectively, which included the impact of the initial recording of a valuation allowance on a portion of the Company's deferred tax assets. Per the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security ("CARES") Act enacted onMarch 27, 2020 , net operating losses ("NOL") incurred in 2019, and 2020 may be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. The Company has previously applied for and expects to receive a NOL carryback refund to recover$5.5 million of cash taxes paid by the Company in 2018. This amount has been reflected as a receivable in the prepaids and other current assets line item in the accompanying audited consolidated balance sheets.
Refer to Note 12- Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to income tax expense.
Tax Receivable Agreements
Refer to Note 12- Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to tax receivable agreements.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require us to make estimates and assumptions (see Note 2-Significant Accounting Policies to the unaudited consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q and Note 2-Significant Accounting Policies and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the Annual Report). A critical accounting estimate is one that requires our most difficult, subjective or complex estimates and assessments and is fundamental to our results of operations. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable according to the current facts and circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.
There have been no material changes in our critical accounting estimates since our Annual Report.
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