This management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see "Forward-Looking Statements" for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks, and assumptions that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our historical financial statements and related notes thereto and the other disclosures contained elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes for the fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2019 , which were included in our annual report on Form 10-K, filed with theSEC onFebruary 27, 2020 . Executive Overview MGP is one of the leading publicly traded REITs engaged in the acquisition, ownership and leasing of large-scale destination entertainment and leisure resorts, whose tenant generally offers diverse amenities including casino gaming, hotel, convention, dining, entertainment and retail amenities. MGP is a limited liability company that was formed inDelaware inOctober 2015 . MGP conducts its operations through theOperating Partnership , aDelaware limited partnership formed inJanuary 2016 , which became a subsidiary of MGP inApril 2016 . We elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") commencing with its taxable year endedDecember 31, 2016 . We generate all of our revenues by leasing our real estate properties pursuant to the MGM-MGP Master Lease which requires the tenant to pay substantially all costs associated with each property, including real estate taxes, ground lease rent, insurance, utilities and routine maintenance, in addition to the base rent and the percentage rent, each as described below. The lease has an initial lease term of ten years (other than with respect toMGM National Harbor , whose initial lease term ends onAugust 31, 2024 ) with the potential to extend the term for four additional five-year terms thereafter at the option of the tenant. Base rent and percentage rent that are known at the lease commencement date will be recorded on a straight-line basis over 30 years, which represents the initial ten-year non-cancelable lease term and all four five-year renewal terms under the lease, as we have determined such renewal terms to be reasonably certain. OnFebruary 14, 2020 , theOperating Partnership andMGM completed a series of transactions (collectively the "MGP BREIT Venture Transaction") pursuant to which the real estate assets ofMGM Grand Las Vegas andMandalay Bay (includingMandalay Place ) were contributed to a newly formed entity ("MGP BREIT Venture"), which, following the transactions, is owned 50.1% by theOperating Partnership and 49.9% by a subsidiary ofBlackstone Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. ("BREIT"). In exchange for the contribution of theMandalay Bay real estate assets, theOperating Partnership received consideration of$2.1 billion , which was comprised of$1.3 billion of theOperating Partnership's secured indebtedness assumed byMGM BREIT Venture , theOperating Partnership's 50.1% equity interest in the MGP BREIT Venture, and the remainder in cash. In addition,MGM received$2.4 billion of cash distributed from the MGP BREIT Venture as consideration for its contribution of theMGM Grand Las Vegas real estate assets, and, additionally, theOperating Partnership issued 2.6 millionOperating Partnership units toMGM representing 5% of the equity value of the MGP BREIT Venture. In connection with the transactions,MGM provided a shortfall guaranty of the principal amount of indebtedness of the MGP BREIT Venture (and any interest accrued and unpaid thereto). On the closing date, BREIT also purchased 4.9 million Class A common shares of MGP for$150 million . In connection with the transactions, MGP BREIT Venture entered into a lease with a subsidiary ofMGM for the real estate assets ofMandalay Bay andMGM Grand Las Vegas . The lease provides for a term of thirty years with two ten-year renewal options and has an initial annual base rent of$292 million , escalating annually at a rate of 2% per annum for the first fifteen years and thereafter equal to the greater of 2% and the CPI increase during the prior year subject to a cap of 3.0%. In addition, the lease requires the tenant to spend 3.5% of net revenues over a rolling five-year period at the properties on capital expenditures and for the tenant andMGM to comply with certain financial covenants, which, if not met, would require the tenant to maintain cash security or provide one or more letters of credit in favor of the landlord in an amount equal to the rent for the succeeding one-year period.MGM provided a guarantee of tenant's obligations under the lease. In connection with the MGP BREIT Venture Transaction, the MGM-MGP Master Lease was modified to remove theMandalay Bay property and the annual rent under the MGM-MGP Master Lease was reduced by$133 million . 25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also, onJanuary 14, 2020 , theOperating Partnership , MGP, andMGM entered into an agreement for theOperating Partnership to waive its right to issue MGP Class A shares, in lieu of cash, toMGM in connection withMGM exercising its right to require theOperating Partnership to redeem theOperating Partnership units it holds. The waiver provides that the units will be purchased at a price per unit equal to a 3% discount to the applicable cash amount as calculated in accordance with the operating agreement. The waiver was effective upon closing of the transaction onFebruary 14, 2020 and terminates on the earlier of 24 months following the closing of the MGP BREIT Venture Transaction andMGM receiving cash proceeds of$1.4 billion as consideration for the redemption of itsOperating Partnership units. OnMay 18, 2020 , theOperating Partnership redeemed 30.3 million ofOperating Partnership units held byMGM for$700 million . Additionally, we expect to grow our portfolio through acquisitions with third parties and withMGM . In pursuing external growth initiatives, we will generally seek to acquire properties that can generate stable rental revenue through long-term, triple-net leases with tenants with established operating histories, and we will consider various factors when evaluating acquisitions. As ofJune 30, 2020 , our portfolio, including the MGP BREIT Venture, consisted of twelve premier destination resorts inLas Vegas and elsewhere acrossthe United States ,MGM Northfield Park inNorthfield, Ohio ,Empire Resort Casino inYonkers, New York , as well as a retail and entertainment district, The Park inLas Vegas . COVID-19 Update The COVID-19 pandemic has not had a material impact on our operations; however, we cannot estimate the duration of the pandemic and potential impact on our business if certain of our properties remain closed, if our re-opened properties will be required to close again, or if the tenant is otherwise unable or unwilling to make rental payments. For further information regarding the potential impact of COVID-19 on our operations, refer to "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below as well as "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A of this report.
Combined Results of Operations for MGP and the Operating Partnership
Overview
The following table summarizes our financial results for the three and six
months ended
Six Months Ended June Three Months Ended June 30, 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 (in thousands) Total Revenues$ 194,342 $ 225,759 $ 403,912 $ 429,182 Total Expenses 68,348 89,731 336,875 180,996 Income (loss) from continuing operations, net of tax 97,025 67,769 (28,297) 117,917 Income from discontinued operations, net of tax - - - 16,216 Net income (loss) 97,025 67,769 (28,297) 134,133 Net income (loss) attributable to Class A shareholders 41,016 21,858 (8,732) 41,813 Revenues Rental revenue. Rental revenues, including ground lease and other, for the three months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$194.3 million and$225.8 million , respectively. Rental revenues, including ground lease and other, for the six months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$403.9 million and$429.2 million , respectively. The$31.4 million , or 13.9%, decrease for the quarterly period and the$25.3 million , or 5.9%, decrease for the year-to-date period were both due primarily to a decrease in rental revenues as a result of the removal ofMandalay Bay from the MGM-MGP Master Lease relating to the MGP BREIT Venture Transaction inFebruary 2020 .
Expenses
Depreciation. Depreciation expense for the three months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 was$58.4 million and$79.5 million , respectively. Depreciation expense for the six months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 was$120.5 million and$151.1 million , respectively. The$21.1 million , or 26.6%, decrease for the quarterly period and the$30.7 million , or 20.3%, decrease 26 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for the year-to-date period were both primarily due to the contribution ofMandalay Bay to the MGP BREIT Venture inFebruary 2020 . Property transactions, net. Property transactions, net for the three months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$(0.1) million and$0.3 million , respectively. Property transactions, net for the six months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$195.0 million and$1.4 million , respectively. The increase is primarily due to the loss on sale of theMandalay Bay real estate assets of$193.1 million which was comprised of the difference between the carrying value of theMandalay Bay real estate assets of$2.3 billion and the consideration received of$2.1 billion , as well as the selling costs of$10.0 million . Ground lease expense. Ground lease expense for each of the three months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 was$5.9 million . Ground lease expense for each of the six months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 was$11.8 million . Acquisition-related expenses. Acquisition-related expenses for the three months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$0.4 million and$0.3 million , respectively. Acquisition-related expenses for the six months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$1.0 million and$8.8 million , respectively. The$7.8 million , or 88.9%, decrease is primarily due to expenses incurred relating to the Empire City acquisition in 2019, slightly offset by expenses incurred relating to the MGP BREIT Venture Transaction inFebruary 2020 . General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses for each of the three months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$3.7 million . General and administrative expenses for the six months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$8.6 million and$7.8 million , respectively. The$0.8 million , or 10.0%, increase for the year-to-date period was primarily due to an increase in corporate support services. Other Expenses Income from unconsolidated affiliate. Income from unconsolidated affiliate for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2020 was$25.5 million and$38.8 million , respectively, and is attributable to income from our investment in MGP BREIT Venture. There was no income from unconsolidated affiliate for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2019 . Other expenses, excluding income from unconsolidated affiliate, for the three months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$51.9 million and$64.2 million , respectively. The$12.3 million , or 19.2%, decrease for the quarterly period was primarily due to the repayment of our term loan A and term loan B facilities inFebruary 2020 , partially offset by our issuance of the$800 million 4.625% senior notes due 2025 inJune 2020 . Other expenses, excluding income from unconsolidated affiliate, for the six months endedJune 30, 2020 and 2019 were$130.5 million and$126.5 million , respectively. The$4.0 million , or 3.2%, increase was primarily related to a net loss on unhedged interest rate swaps of$10.5 million and a loss on retirement of debt of$18.1 million relating to our repayment of the term loan A and term loan B facilities, partially offset by a decrease in interest expense which was due to the repayment of our term loan A and term loan B facilities inFebruary 2020 .
Discontinued Operations
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax for the six months endedJune 30, 2019 was$16.2 million and is attributable to the operations ofMGM Northfield Park , which was transferred to a subsidiary ofMGM inApril 2019 . There was no income from discontinued operations, net of tax for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2020 or the three months endedJune 30, 2019 .
Provision for Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate was a provision of 2.5% on income from continuing operations for the three months endedJune 30, 2020 compared to a provision of 5.6% in the prior year quarter. Our effective tax rate was a provision of 14.7% on loss from continuing operations for the six months endedJune 30, 2020 compared to a provision of 3.1% on income from continuing operations in the prior year period. The effective tax rate in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2020 was impacted by the loss resulting from the MGP BREIT Venture Transaction, which provides no federal or state income tax benefit due to our REIT status, while the effective tax rate in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2019 was impacted by tax consequences related to the liquidation of the taxable REIT subsidiary that had ownedMGM Northfield Park prior to transferring the operations to MGM Resorts inApril 2019 . Refer to Note 2 of the accompanying financial statements for additional discussion regarding income taxes. 27 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-GAAP Measures
Unless otherwise indicated, our non-GAAP measures discussed herein are related to our continuing operations and not our discontinued operations. Funds From Operations ("FFO") is net income (computed in accordance withU.S. GAAP), excluding gains and losses from sales or disposals of property (presented as property transactions, net), plus depreciation, as defined by theNational Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts , plus our share of depreciation of our unconsolidated affiliate. Adjusted Funds From Operations ("AFFO") is FFO as adjusted for amortization of financing costs and cash flow hedges; our share of amortization of financing costs of our unconsolidated affiliate; non-cash compensation expense; straight-line rental revenue (which is defined as the difference between contractual rent and cash rent payments, excluding lease incentive asset amortization); our share of straight-line rental revenues of our unconsolidated affiliate; amortization of lease incentive asset and deferred revenue relating to non-normal tenant improvements; acquisition-related expenses; non-cash ground lease rent, net; other expenses; loss on unhedged interest rate swaps, net; provision for income taxes related to the REIT; our share of provision for income taxes of our unconsolidated affiliate; and other, net - discontinued operations. Adjusted EBITDA is net income (computed in accordance withU.S. GAAP) as adjusted for gains and losses from sales or disposals of property (presented as property transactions, net); depreciation; our share of depreciation of our unconsolidated affiliate; amortization of financing costs and cash flow hedges; our share of amortization of financing costs of our unconsolidated affiliate; non-cash compensation expense; straight-line rent; our share of straight-line rental revenues of our unconsolidated affiliate; amortization of lease incentive asset and deferred revenue relating to non-normal tenant improvements; acquisition-related expenses; non-cash ground lease rent, net; other expenses; loss on unhedged interest rate swaps, net; our share of provision for income taxes of our unconsolidated affiliate; other, net - discontinued operations; interest income; interest expense (including amortization of financing costs and cash flow hedges); our share of interest expense (including amortization of financing costs) of our unconsolidated affiliate; and provision for income taxes. FFO, FFO per unit, AFFO, AFFO per unit and Adjusted EBITDA are supplemental performance measures that have not been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted inthe United States ("U.S. GAAP") that management believes are useful to investors in comparing operating and financial results between periods. Management believes that this is especially true since these measures exclude depreciation expense and management believes that real estate values fluctuate based on market conditions rather than depreciating in value ratably on a straight-line basis over time. The Company believes such a presentation also provides investors with a meaningful measure of the Company's operating results in comparison to the operating results of other REITs. Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors to further supplement AFFO and FFO and to provide investors a performance metric which excludes interest expense. In addition to non-cash items, the Company adjusts AFFO and Adjusted EBITDA for acquisition-related expenses. While we do not label these expenses as non-recurring, infrequent or unusual, management believes that it is helpful to adjust for these expenses when they do occur to allow for comparability of results between periods because each acquisition is (and will be) of varying size and complexity and may involve different types of expenses depending on the type of property being acquired and from whom. FFO, FFO per unit, AFFO, AFFO per unit and Adjusted EBITDA do not represent cash flow from operations as defined byU.S. GAAP, should not be considered as an alternative to net income as defined byU.S. GAAP and are not indicative of cash available to fund all cash flow needs. Investors are also cautioned that FFO, FFO per unit, AFFO, AFFO per unit and Adjusted EBITDA as presented, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other REITs due to the fact that not all real estate companies use the same definitions. 28 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following table provides a reconciliation of the Company's consolidated net income to FFO, AFFO and Adjusted EBITDA:
Six Months Ended June Three Months Ended June 30, 30, 2020 2019 2020 2019 (in thousands) Net income (loss) (1)$ 97,025
58,405 79,543 120,452 151,105 Share of depreciation of unconsolidated affiliate 10,578 - 15,897 - Property transactions, net (66) 310 194,990 1,423 Funds From Operations 165,942 147,622 303,042 286,661
Amortization of financing costs and cash flow hedges 3,829
3,366 7,093 6,647 Share of amortization of financing costs of unconsolidated affiliate 64 - 97 - Non-cash compensation expense 603 524 1,357 1,089 Straight-line rental revenues, excluding lease incentive asset 13,633 11,664 24,414 18,119 Share of straight-line rental revenues of unconsolidated affiliate (12,866) - (19,218) -
Amortization of lease incentive asset and deferred revenue on non-normal tenant improvements
4,627 4,753 9,254 5,218 Acquisition-related expenses 358 267 980 8,799 Non-cash ground lease rent, net 258 259 518 519 Other expenses 413 363 18,781 500 (Gain) loss on unhedged interest rate swaps, net (1,588) - 10,532 - Provision (benefit) for income taxes - REIT 2,499 4,021 3,632 3,792 Share of provision for income taxes of unconsolidated affiliate (47) - - - Other, net - discontinued operations - - - 3,707 Adjusted Funds From Operations 177,725 172,839 360,482 335,051 Interest income (1) (2,279) (102) (3,370) (1,948) Interest expense (1) 55,377 63,977 104,575 127,925 Share of interest expense of unconsolidated affiliate 13,418 - 19,941 -
Amortization of financing costs and cash flow hedges (3,829)
(3,366) (7,093) (6,647) Share of amortization of financing costs of unconsolidated affiliate (64) - (97) - Provision for income taxes - discontinued operations - - - 2,890 Adjusted EBITDA$ 240,348 $ 233,348 $ 474,438 $ 457,271 (1) Net income, interest income and interest expense are net of intercompany interest eliminations of$5.6 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2019 . (2) Includes depreciation onMandalay Bay real estate assets for the three and six month periods endingJune 30, 2019 and for the six month period endingJune 30, 2020 ..
Guarantor Financial Information
As ofJune 30, 2020 , all of our indebtedness is held by theOperating Partnership and MGP does not guarantee any of theOperating Partnership's indebtedness.The Operating Partnership's principal debt arrangements are guaranteed by each of its wholly owned subsidiaries except for MGP JV INVESTCO 1 LLC, the entity holding the 50.1% interest in the MGP BREIT Venture, and, with respect to theOperating Partnership's senior notes,MGP Finance Co-Issuer, Inc. , the co-issuer of the senior notes, and certain other subsidiaries whose guarantees are subject to gaming approval, unless and until such approval is obtained. The guarantees provided by the subsidiary guarantors rank senior in right of payment to any future subordinated debt of ours or such subsidiary guarantors, junior to any secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such debt and effectively subordinated to any indebtedness and other obligations of our subsidiaries that do not guaranty the principal indebtedness. In addition, the obligations of each subsidiary guarantor under its guarantee is limited so as not to constitute a fraudulent conveyance under applicable law, which may eliminate the subsidiary guarantor's obligations or reduce such obligations to an amount that effectively makes the subsidiary guarantee lack value. 29 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The summarized financial information of the
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