Michelin CGDE : MORGAN STANLEY – TRWP state of knowledge – Investor Presentation

• Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) are generated by friction between the road and the tire during driving. They are a consequence of the grip on the road, essential for safety
• These TRWP have an average density of 1.8, heavier than water, they are a mix of rubber and road debris
• Tire and road wear particles emissions depend on tire design and road surface. The quantity of TRWP emitted vary greatly also with weather, driving style, car specifications and road typology.
• It is estimated that 1 Million tons of TRWP are emitted yearly in Europe due to transport.

TIRE AND ROAD WEAR PARTICLES - NOVEMBER 19, 2021

• Direct measurements of PM concentration in the air: take samples in major cities and analyze the content of the samples to detect origin of the particles. This is the only reliable source of data today.
• Inventory and projections: those models need to be calibrated on real life emissions and data. Today, the model used to calculate contribution of tire and road wear particles has never been calibrated on direct measures. Those models are widely used in the literature and for regulatory purposes to estimate the primary PM emissions from tyre wear. This model relies on tire « emission factors » in mg/vehicle/km that have never been directly measured. The tire Industry is proposing a plan to establish those « emission factors » based on direct measurements to calibrate the model and assess its performance and accuracy.
• • Michelin publishes a technical document available on our website to propose a scientific method to measure directly the emission factors of a tire (onwww.michelin.com)

TIRE AND ROAD WEAR PARTICLES - NOVEMBER 19, 2021

• Direct measures of air pollution in major cities around the world state that TRWP are minor contributors to air pollution :
• • Less than 1% of PM10 with an average of less than 1 µg/m3
  • Less than 0,2% of PM2.5 with average of less than 0,1 µg/m
  • Limits for health protection is today of 50 µg/m3 per day during 35 consecutive days for PM10
• These measures were published in :
• • Tyre wear in particulate matter - No need to panic! Stein, G. & Wünstel, E. & Travnicek-Pagaimo, W. RFP 1/2013, Volume 8; Internatiional conference on rubber and rubber-like material; Kharangpur, India,
  • Measurement of airborne concentrations of tire and road wear particles in urban and rural areas of France, Japan, and the United States Panko Et Al 2013
  • Evaluation of Tire Wear Contribution to PM2.5 in Urban Environments. Panko et Al 2019
  • Ambient air - Determination of the mass concentration of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) - Pyrolysis-GC-MS method ISO 2017

TIRE AND ROAD WEAR PARTICLES - NOVEMBER 19, 2021

• This subject has progressed but still present significant challenges
• TRWP are settling very quickly in the sediments and decomposing fast also (half life of 16 months)
• • Cadle 1980, Deltares 2017,Wagner 2019, Bänsch-Baltruschat 2020, Pr Thompson 2020, rapport DEFRA 2020, Bondeline 2020
• Roadside water retention and water treatment plants are very efficient to capture the TRWP that may reach them.
• • Eisentraut 2018, Vogelsang 2018, Klockner 2019

• Toxicity studies are still very young
• • Toxicity studies conducted by the TIP by applying known protocols concluded to a very low risk
  • Tian (Dec 2020) found a hihgly toxic substance called 6PPD-Quinone to a very specific kind of salmon (Coho), the 6PPD-Quinone may be a transformation product of the antioxydant from tires. This 6PPD-Quinone was unknow to the scientific community before.
  • J. McIntyre (Aug 2021) shows a low toxicity of this 6PPD-Quinone for the common salmon (Chum)
  • Hiki et Al, (Environnemental Science and Technology letters Aug. 2021) demonstrate the absence of toxicity of 6PPD-Quinoneeven at very high concentration on 4 fresh water species.

TIRE AND ROAD WEAR PARTICLES - NOVEMBER 19, 2021