UNIVERSAL HEALTH SERVICES, INC.
The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to promote an understanding of our
operating results and financial condition. The MD&A is provided as a supplement
to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial
statements and the accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements,
as included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The MD&A contains
forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and
assumptions. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in
these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but
not limited to, those presented under Item 1A. Risk Factors, and below in
Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors and as included elsewhere in this
Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section generally discusses our results of
operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended
December 31, 2020 . For discussion of our result of operations and changes in our
financial condition for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to the year
ended December 31, 2019 , please refer to Part II, Management's Discussion and
Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report
on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 , as filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021 .
Overview
Our principal business is owning and operating, through our subsidiaries, acute care hospitals and outpatient facilities and behavioral health care facilities.
As ofFebruary 24, 2022 , we owned and/or operated 363 inpatient facilities and 40 outpatient and other facilities including the following located in 39 states,Washington, D.C. , theUnited Kingdom andPuerto Rico :
Acute care facilities located in the
• 28 inpatient acute care hospitals (including a newly constructed,
170-bed hospital located in Reno, Nevada , that is scheduled to be
completed and opened during the first quarter of 2022);
• 19 free-standing emergency departments, and;
• 6 outpatient centers & 1 surgical hospital.
Behavioral health care facilities (335 inpatient facilities and 14 outpatient facilities):
Located in the
• 187 inpatient behavioral health care facilities, and; • 12 outpatient behavioral health care facilities.
Located in the
• 145 inpatient behavioral health care facilities, and; • 2 outpatient behavioral health care facilities.
Located in
• 3 inpatient behavioral health care facilities.
Net revenues from our acute care hospitals, outpatient facilities and commercial health insurer accounted for 56% of our consolidated net revenues during 2021 and 55% during 2020. Net revenues from our behavioral health care facilities and commercial health insurer accounted for 44% of our consolidated net revenues during 2021 and 45% during 2020. Our behavioral health care facilities located in theU.K. generated net revenues of approximately$688 million in 2021 and$584 million in 2020. Total assets at ourU.K. behavioral health care facilities were approximately$1.351 billion as ofDecember 31, 2021 and$1.334 billion as ofDecember 31, 2020 . Services provided by our hospitals include general and specialty surgery, internal medicine, obstetrics, emergency room care, radiology, oncology, diagnostic care, coronary care, pediatric services, pharmacy services and/or behavioral health services. We provide capital resources as well as a variety of management services to our facilities, including central purchasing, information services, finance and control systems, facilities planning, physician recruitment services, administrative personnel management, marketing and public relations.
Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors
You should carefully review the information contained in this Annual Report, and should particularly consider any risk factors that we set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2021 , and in other reports or documents that we file from time to time with theSecurities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). In this Annual Report, we state our beliefs of future events and of our future financial performance. This Annual Report contains "forward-looking statements" that reflect our current estimates, expectations and projections about our future results, performance, prospects and opportunities. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, the information concerning our possible future results of operations, business and growth 39
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strategies, financing plans, expectations that regulatory developments or other matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition, our competitive position and the effects of competition, the projected growth of the industry in which we operate, and the benefits and synergies to be obtained from our completed and any future acquisitions, and statements of our goals and objectives, and other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "predicts," "potential," "continue," "expects," "anticipates," "future," "intends," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "appears," "projects" and similar expressions, as well as statements in future tense, identify forward-looking statements. In evaluating those statements, you should specifically consider various factors, including the risks related to healthcare industry trends and those set forth herein in Item 1A. Risk Factors. Those factors may cause our actual results to differ materially from any of our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by which, such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking information is based on information available at the time and/or our good faith belief with respect to future events, and is subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in the statements. Such factors include, among other things, the following:
• we are subject to risks associated with public health threats and
epidemics, including the health concerns relating to the COVID-19
pandemic. In
("CDC") confirmed the spread of the disease to
pandemic. The federal government has declared COVID-19 a national
emergency, as many federal and state authorities have implemented
aggressive measures to "flatten the curve" of confirmed individuals
diagnosed with COVID-19 in an attempt to curtail the spread of the virus
and to avoid overwhelming the health care system;
• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which began during the second half of
March, 2020, has had a material effect on our operations and financial
results since that time. The COVID-19 vaccination process commenced during
the first quarter of 2021. Since that time through the second quarter of
2021, we had generally experienced a decline in COVID-19 patients as well
as a corresponding recovery in non-COVID patient activity. However, during
the third and fourth quarters of 2021, and continuing into the first
quarter of 2022, our facilities generally experienced an increase in
COVID-19 patients resulting from the Delta and, more recently, the highly
transmissible Omicron variants. Booster doses for COVID-19 vaccinations
began during the third quarter of 2021, and while we expect the
administration of vaccines booster doses will assist in easing the number
of COVID-19 patients, the pace at which this is likely to occur is verydifficult to predict. Also, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a constrained
supply environment which could result in higher cost to procure, and
potential unavailability of, critical personal protection equipment,
pharmaceuticals and medical supplies. Should a supply disruption result in
the inability to obtain especially high margin drugs and compound
components necessary for patient care, our consolidated financial
statements could be negatively impacted. As of
not experienced a significant impact in the availability of supplies from
the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the future volumes and severity of COVID-19
patients remain highly uncertain and subject to change, including
potential increases in future COVID-19 patient volumes caused by new
variants of the virus, as well as related pressures on staffing and wage
rates and the strained supply environment, we are not able to fullyquantify the impact that these factors will have on our future financial
results. However, developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic could
materially affect our financial performance during 2022. Even after theCOVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience materially
adverse impacts on our financial condition and our results of operations
as a result of its macroeconomic impact, and many of our known risks
described in the Risk Factors section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2021 ;
• the nationwide shortage of nurses and other clinical staff and support
personnel has been a significant operating issue facing us and other
healthcare providers. In particular, like others in the healthcare
industry, we continue to experience a shortage of nurses and otherclinical staff and support personnel at our acute care and behavioral
health care hospitals in many geographic areas, which shortage has been
exacerbated by the COVID19 pandemic. We are treating patients withCOVID19 in our facilities and, in some areas, the increased demand for
care is putting a strain on our resources and staff, which has required us
to utilize highercost temporary labor and pay premiums above standard
compensation for essential workers. The length and extent of the
disruptions caused by the COVID19 pandemic are currently unknown;
however, we expect such disruptions to continue into 2022 and potentially
throughout the duration of the pandemic and beyond. This staffing shortage
may require us to further enhance wages and benefits to recruit and retain
nurses and other clinical staff and support personnel or require us tohire expensive temporary personnel. To the extent we cannot maintain
sufficient staffing levels at our hospitals, we may be required to limit
the acute and behavioral health care services provided at certain of our
hospitals which would have a corresponding adverse effect on our net
revenues. In addition, in some markets like
requirements to maintain specified nurse-staffing levels which could
adversely affect our net revenues to the extent we cannot meet those
levels;
• the
Final Rule ("IFR") effective
vaccinations for all applicable staff at all Medicare and Medicaid
certified facilities. Under the IFR, facilities covered by this regulation
must establish a policy ensuring all eligible staff have received the
first dose
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of a two-dose COVID-19 vaccine or a one-dose COVID-19 vaccine prior to
providing any care, treatment, or other services by
eligible staff must have received the necessary shots to be fully
vaccinated - either two doses of Pfizer or Moderna or one dose of Johnson
& Johnson - by
exemptions based on recognized medical conditions or religious beliefs,
observances, or practices. Under the IFR, facilities must develop a
similar process or plan for permitting exemptions in alignment with
federal law. If facilities fail to comply with the IFR by the deadlines
established, they are subject to potential termination from the Medicare
and Medicaid program for non-compliance. In addition, the Occupational
Standard ("ETS") requiring all businesses with 100 or more employees to be
vaccinated by
vaccinated by that date will need to show a negative COVID-19 test weekly
and wear a face mask in the workplace. Legal challenges to these rules
ensued, and the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld a stay of the ETS
requirements but permitted the IFR vaccination requirements to go intoeffect pending additional litigation. CMS has indicated that hospitals in
states not involved in the Supreme Court litigation are expected to be in
compliance with IFR vaccination requirements consistent with the datesreferenced above. Hospitals in states that were involved in the Supreme
Court litigation must now come into compliance with first dose
requirements by
15, 2022. Hospitals in
requirements by
21, 2022 due to the recent termination of separate litigation. We cannot
predict at this time the potential viability or impact of any such
additional litigation. Implementation of these rules could have an impact
on staffing at our facilities for those employees that are not vaccinated
in accordance with IFR and ETS requirements, and associated loss of
revenues and increased costs resulting from staffing issues could have a
material adverse effect on our financial results;
• the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"),
a stimulus package signed into law on
billion in grant funding to hospitals and other healthcare providers to be
distributed through the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund
(the "PHSSEF"). These funds are not required to be repaid provided the
recipients attest to and comply with certain terms and conditions,
including limitations on balance billing and not using PHSSEF funds to
reimburse expenses or losses that other sources are obligated toreimburse. However, since the expenses and losses will be ultimately
measured over the life of the COVID-19 pandemic, potential retrospective
unfavorable adjustments in future periods, of funds recorded as revenues
in prior periods, could occur. The U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services ("HHS") initially distributed $30 billion of this funding basedon each provider's share of total Medicare fee-for-service reimbursement
in 2019. Subsequently, HHS determined that CARES Act funding (including
the
providers' share of 2018 net patient revenue. We have received payments
from these initial distributions of the PHSSEF as disclosed herein. HHS
has indicated that distributions of the remaining $50 billion will be
targeted primarily to hospitals in COVID-19 high impact areas, to rural
providers, safety net hospitals and certain Medicaid providers and toreimburse providers for COVID-19 related treatment of uninsured patients.
We have received payments from these targeted distributions of the PHSSEF,
as disclosed herein. The CARES Act also makes other forms of financial
assistance available to healthcare providers, including through Medicare
and Medicaid payment adjustments and an expansion of the Medicare
Accelerated and Advance Payment Program, which made available accelerated
payments of Medicare funds in order to increase cash flow to providers. On
suspending the Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment Program in light
of the availability of the PHSSEF and the significant funds available
through other programs. We have received accelerated payments under this
program during 2020, and returned early all of those funds during the
first quarter of 2021, as disclosed herein. The Paycheck ProtectionProgram and Health Care Enhancement Act (the "PPPHCE Act"), a stimulus
package signed into law on
appropriations for COVID-19 response, including $75 billion to be
distributed to eligible providers through the PHSSEF. A third phase of
PHSSEF allocations made $24.5 billion available for providers who previously received, rejected or accepted PHSSEF payments. Applicants that
had not yet received PHSSEF payments of 2 percent of patient revenue were
to receive a payment that, when combined with prior payments (if any),
equals 2 percent of patient care revenue. Providers that have already
received payments of approximately 2 percent of annual revenue from
patient care were potentially eligible for an additional
payment. Recipients will not be required to repay the government for
PHSSEF funds received, provided they comply with HHS defined terms and
conditions. On December 27, 2020 , the Consolidated Appropriations Act,
2021 ("CAA") was signed into law. The CAA appropriated an additional
billion to the PHSSEF, codified flexibility for providers to calculate
lost revenues, and permitted parent organizations to allocate PHSSEF
targeted distributions to subsidiary organizations. The CAA also provides
that not less than 85 percent of the unobligated PHSSEF amounts and any
future funds recovered from health care providers should be used for
additional distributions that consider financial losses and changes in
operating expenses in the third or fourth quarters of 2020 and the firstquarter of 2021 that are attributable to the coronavirus. The CAA provided
additional funding for testing, contact tracing and vaccine
administration. Providers receiving payments were required to sign terms
and conditions regarding utilization of the payments. Any provider
receiving funds in excess of
report data elements to HHS detailing utilization of the payments, and we
will be required to file such reports. We, and other providers, willreport healthcare related expenses attributable to COVID-19 that have not
been reimbursed by another source, which may include general and
administrative or healthcare related operating expenses. Funds may also be
applied to lost revenues, represented as a negative change in
year-over-year net patient care operating income. The deadline for using
all Provider
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payments received in the first period of
were to have been expended by
fourth period of
on
tracing, and monitoring COVID-19 infections; establishing community
vaccination centers and mobile vaccine units; promoting, distributing, and
tracking COVID-19 vaccines; and reimbursing rural hospitals and facilities
for healthcare-related expenses and lost revenues attributable to
COVID-19. ARPA increased the eligibility for, and amount of, premium tax
credits to purchase health coverage through Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health and Education Reconciliation
Act (collectively, the "Legislation"). Further, ARPA set the Medicaid
program's federal medical assistance percentage ("FMAP") at 100 percent
for amounts expended for COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine
administration. ARPA also increases the FMAP by 5 percent for eight
calendar quarters to incentivize states to expand their Medicaid
programs. Finally, ARPA provides subsidies to cover 100 percent of health
insurance premiums under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act through
surrounding the implementation of the CARES Act, the PPPHCE Act, the CAA
and ARPA, and the federal government may consider additional stimulus and
relief efforts, but we are unable to predict whether additional stimulus
measures will be enacted or their impact. There can be no assurance as to
the total amount of financial and other types of assistance we will
receive under the CARES Act, the PPPHCE Act, the CAA and the ARPA, and itis difficult to predict the impact of such legislation on our operations
or how they will affect operations of our competitors. Moreover, we are
unable to assess the extent to which anticipated negative impacts on usarising from the COVID-19 pandemic will be offset by amounts or benefits
received or to be received under the CARES Act, the PPPHCE Act, the CAA
and the ARPA;
• our ability to comply with the existing laws and government regulations,
and/or changes in laws and government regulations;
• an increasing number of legislative initiatives have been passed into law
that may result in major changes in the health care delivery system on a
national or state level. For example, Congress has reduced to $0 the
penalty for failing to maintain health coverage that was part of the
original Legislation as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
has undertaken and is expected to undertake additional executive actions
that will strengthen the Legislation and reverse the policies of the prior
administration. To date, the Biden administration has issued executive
orders implementing a special enrollment period permitting individuals to
enroll in health plans outside of the annual open enrollment period and
reexamining policies that may undermine the Legislation or the Medicaid
program. The ARPA's expansion of subsidies to purchase coverage through a
Legislation exchange is anticipated to increase exchange enrollment. The
the formation of association health plans that would be exempt from
certain Legislation requirements such as the provision of essential health
benefits, (ii) expanding the availability of short-term, limited duration
health insurance, (iii) eliminating cost-sharing reduction payments to
insurers that would otherwise offset deductibles and other out-of-pocket
expenses for health plan enrollees at or below 250 percent of the federal
poverty level, (iv) relaxing requirements for state innovation waivers
that could reduce enrollment in the individual and small group markets and
lead to additional enrollment in short-term, limited duration insurance
and association health plans and (v) incentivizing the use of health
reimbursement arrangements by employers to permit employees to purchase
health insurance in the individual market. The uncertainty resulting from
these Executive Branch policies may have led to reduced Exchange
enrollment in 2018, 2019 and 2020. It is also anticipated that these
policies, to the extent that they remain as implemented, may create
additional cost and reimbursement pressures on hospitals, including ours.
In addition, there have been numerous political and legal efforts toexpand, repeal, replace or modify the Legislation since its enactment,
some of which have been successful, in part, in modifying the Legislation,
as well as court challenges to the constitutionality of the Legislation.
when the Court held in California v. Texas that the plaintiffs lacked
standing to challenge the Legislation's requirement to obtain minimum
essential health insurance coverage, or the individual mandate. The Court
dismissed the case without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of
the Legislation. As a result, the Legislation will continue to remain law,
in its entirety, likely for the foreseeable future. Any future efforts to
challenge, replace or replace the Legislation or expand or substantially
amend its provision is unknown. See below in Sources of Revenue and Health
Care Reform for additional disclosure;
• under the Legislation, hospitals are required to make public a list of
their standard charges, and effective
that this disclosure be in machine-readable format and include charges for
all hospital items and services and average charges for diagnosis-related
groups. On
Transparency Requirements for Hospitals to Make Standard Charges Public."
This rule took effect on
also make public their payor-specific negotiated rates, minimum negotiated
rates, maximum negotiated rates, and cash for all items and services,
including individual items and services and service packages, that could
be provided by a hospital to a patient. Failure to comply with these
requirements may result in daily monetary penalties. On November 2, 2021 ,CMS released a final rule amending several hospital price transparency
policies and increasing the amount of penalties for noncompliance through
the use of a scaling factor based on hospital bed count;
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• as part of the CAA,
limiting patient balance billing in certain circumstances. The CAA
addresses surprise medical bills stemming from emergency services,
out-of-network ancillary providers at in-network facilities, and air
ambulance carriers. The legislation prohibits surprise billing when
out-of-network emergency services or out-of-network services at anin-network facility are provided, unless informed consent is received. In
these circumstances providers are prohibited from billing the patient for
any amounts that exceed in-network cost-sharing requirements. On
2021, HHS, the
issued an interim final rule, which begins to implement the legislation.
The rule would limit our ability to receive payment for services at
usually higher out-of-network rates in certain circumstances and prohibit
out-of-network payments in other circumstances;
• possible unfavorable changes in the levels and terms of reimbursement for
our charges by third party payers or government based payers, including
Medicare or Medicaid in
the
• our ability to enter into managed care provider agreements on acceptable
terms and the ability of our competitors to do the same;
• the outcome of known and unknown litigation, government investigations,
false claims act allegations, and liabilities and other claims asserted
against us and other matters as disclosed in Note 6 to the Consolidated
Financial Statements - Commitments and Contingencies and the effects of
adverse publicity relating to such matters;
• the unfavorable impact on our business of the deterioration in national,
regional and local economic and business conditions, including a worsening
of unfavorable credit market conditions;
• competition from other healthcare providers (including physician owned
facilities) in certain markets;
• technological and pharmaceutical improvements that increase the cost of
providing, or reduce the demand for healthcare;
• our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, nurses, physicians
and other healthcare professionals and the impact on our labor expenses
resulting from a shortage of nurses and other healthcare professionals;
• demographic changes;
• there is a heightened risk of future cybersecurity threats, including
ransomware attacks targeting healthcare providers. If successful, future
cyberattacks could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any
costs that we incur as a result of a data security incident or breach,
including costs to update our security protocols to mitigate such an
incident or breach could be significant. Any breach or failure in ouroperational security systems can result in loss of data or an unauthorized
disclosure of or access to sensitive or confidential member or protected
personal or health information and could result in significant penalties
or fines, litigation, loss of customers, significant damage to our
reputation and business, and other losses. Previously, we had experienced
a cyberattack in September, 2020 that had an adverse effect on our
operating results during the fourth quarter of 2020, before giving effect
to partial recovery of the loss through receipt, during 2021, of
commercial insurance proceeds and collection of previously reserved
patient accounts, as discussed herein;
• the availability of suitable acquisition and divestiture opportunities and
our ability to successfully integrate and improve our acquisitions since
failure to achieve expected acquisition benefits from certain of our prior
or future acquisitions could result in impairment charges for goodwill and
purchased intangibles;
• the impact of severe weather conditions, including the effects of
hurricanes and climate change;
• as discussed below in Sources of Revenue, we receive revenues from various
state and county-based programs, including Medicaid in all the states in
which we operate. We receive annual Medicaid revenues of approximately
payments in certain states including
therefore particularly sensitive to potential reductions in Medicaid and
other state-based revenue programs as well as regulatory, economic,
environmental and competitive changes in those states. We can provide no
assurance that reductions to revenues earned pursuant to these programs,
and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on state budgets, particularly in
the above-mentioned states, will not have a material adverse effect on our
future results of operations;
• our ability to continue to obtain capital on acceptable terms, including
borrowed funds, to fund the future growth of our business;
• our inpatient acute care and behavioral health care facilities may
experience decreasing admission and length of stay trends;
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• our financial statements reflect large amounts due from various commercial
and private payers and there can be no assurance that failure of the
payers to remit amounts due to us will not have a material adverse effect
on our future results of operations;
• the Budget Control Act of 2011 (the "2011 Act") imposed annual spending
limits for most federal agencies and programs aimed at reducing budget
deficits by $917 billion between 2012 and 2021, according to a report
released by the
the law established a bipartisan Congressional committee, known as the
was tasked with making recommendations aimed at reducing future federal
budget deficits by an additional $1.5 trillion over 10 years. The Joint
Committee was unable to reach an agreement by the November 23, 2011
deadline and, as a result, across-the-board cuts to discretionary,
national defense and Medicare spending were implemented on March 1, 2013 resulting in Medicare payment reductions of up to 2% per fiscal year with
a uniform percentage reduction across all Medicare programs. The
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, enacted on
2% reductions to Medicare reimbursement imposed under the 2011 Act. Recent
legislation has suspended payment reductions through
exchange for extended cuts through 2030. Subsequent legislation extended
the payment reduction suspension through
reduction from then until
thereafter. We cannot predict whether Congress will restructure the
implemented Medicare payment reductions or what other federal budget
deficit reduction initiatives may be proposed by Congress goingforward. See below in 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Medicare and Medicaid
Payment Related Legislation - Medicare Sequestration Relief, for
additional disclosure related to the favorable effect the legislative
extensions have had/are expected to have on our results of operations
during 2020 and 2021;
• uninsured and self-pay patients treated at our acute care facilities
unfavorably impact our ability to satisfactorily and timely collect our
self-pay patient accounts;
• changes in our business strategies or development plans;
• in June, 2016, the
referendum in favor of the exit of the
legislature. On
the Lisbon Treaty, formally starting negotiations regarding its exit from
the
Union reached a post-Brexit trade and cooperation agreement that created
new business and security requirements and preserved the
tariff- and quota-free access to the
trade and cooperation agreement was provisionally applied as of
2021 and entered into force on
impact the business and regulatory environment in the
Union, or other countries. Any of these effects of Brexit, and others we
cannot anticipate, could harm our business, financial condition and
results of operations, and;
• other factors referenced herein or in our other filings with the
Securities and Exchange Commission .
Given these uncertainties, risks and assumptions, as outlined above, you are
cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Our
actual results and financial condition could differ materially from those
expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking
statements speak only as of the date the statements are made. We assume no
obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements to reflect actual
results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting
forward-looking information, except as may be required by law. All
forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf
are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in
A summary of our significant accounting policies is outlined in Note 1 to the
financial statements. We consider our critical accounting policies to be those
that require us to make significant judgments and estimates when we prepare our
financial statements, including the following:
Revenue Recognition: We report net patient service revenue at the estimated net
realizable amounts from patients and third-party payers and others for services
rendered. We have agreements with third-party payers that provide for payments
to us at amounts different from our established rates. Payment arrangements
include rates per discharge, reimbursed costs, discounted charges and per diem
payments. Estimates of contractual allowances under managed care plans, which
represent explicit price concessions, are based upon the payment terms specified
in the related contractual agreements. We closely monitor our historical
collection rates, as well as changes in applicable laws, rules and regulations
and contract terms, to assure that provisions are made using the most accurate
information available. However, due to the complexities involved in these
estimations, actual payments from payers may be different from the amounts we
estimate and record.
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See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements-Revenue Recognition, for additional disclosure related to our revenues including a disaggregation of our consolidated net revenues by major source for each of the periods presented herein. We estimate our Medicare and Medicaid revenues using the latest available financial information, patient utilization data, government provided data and in accordance with applicable Medicare and Medicaid payment rules and regulations. The laws and regulations governing the Medicare and Medicaid programs are extremely complex and subject to interpretation and as a result, there is at least a reasonable possibility that recorded estimates will change by material amounts in the near term. Certain types of payments by the Medicare program and state Medicaid programs (e.g.Medicare Disproportionate Share Hospital , Medicare Allowable Bad Debts and Inpatient Psychiatric Services) are subject to retroactive adjustment in future periods as a result of administrative review and audit and our estimates may vary from the final settlements. Such amounts are included in accounts receivable, net, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The funding of both federal Medicare and state Medicaid programs are subject to legislative and regulatory changes. As such, we cannot provide any assurance that future legislation and regulations, if enacted, will not have a material impact on our future Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. Adjustments related to the final settlement of these retrospectively determined amounts did not materially impact our results in 2021, 2020 or 2019. If it were to occur, each 1% adjustment to our estimated net Medicare revenues that are subject to retrospective review and settlement as ofDecember 31, 2021 , would change our after-tax net income by approximately$1 million .Charity Care , Uninsured Discounts and Other Adjustments to Revenue: Collection of receivables from third-party payers and patients is our primary source of cash and is critical to our operating performance. Our primary collection risks relate to uninsured patients and the portion of the bill which is the patient's responsibility, primarily co-payments and deductibles. We estimate our revenue adjustments for implicit price concessions based on general factors such as payer mix, the aging of the receivables and historical collection experience. We routinely review accounts receivable balances in conjunction with these factors and other economic conditions which might ultimately affect the collectability of the patient accounts and make adjustments to our allowances as warranted. At our acute care hospitals, third party liability accounts are pursued until all payment and adjustments are posted to the patient account. For those accounts with a patient balance after third party liability is finalized or accounts for uninsured patients, the patient receives statements and collection letters. Historically, a significant portion of the patients treated throughout our portfolio of acute care hospitals are uninsured patients which, in part, has resulted from patientswho are employed but do not have health insurance orwho have policies with relatively high deductibles. Patients treated at our hospitals for non-elective services,who have gross income of various amounts, dependent upon the state, ranging from 200% to 400% of the federal poverty guidelines, are deemed eligible for charity care. The federal poverty guidelines are established by the federal government and are based on income and family size. Because we do not pursue collection of amounts that qualify as charity care, the transaction price is fully adjusted and there is no impact in our net revenues or in our accounts receivable, net. A portion of the accounts receivable at our acute care facilities are comprised of Medicaid accounts that are pending approval from third-party payers but we also have smaller amounts due from other miscellaneous payers such as county indigent programs in certain states. Our patient registration process includes an interview of the patient or the patient's responsible party at the time of registration. At that time, an insurance eligibility determination is made and an insurance plan code is assigned. There are various pre-established insurance profiles in our patient accounting system which determine the expected insurance reimbursement for each patient based on the insurance plan code assigned and the services rendered. Certain patients may be classified as Medicaid pending at registration based upon a screening evaluation if we are unable to definitively determine if they are currently Medicaid eligible. When a patient is registered as Medicaid eligible or Medicaid pending, our patient accounting system records net revenues for services provided to that patient based upon the established Medicaid reimbursement rates, subject to the ultimate disposition of the patient's Medicaid eligibility. When the patient's ultimate eligibility is determined, reclassifications may occur which impacts net revenues in future periods. Although the patient's ultimate eligibility determination may result in adjustments to net revenues, these adjustments did not have a material impact on our results of operations in 2021, 2020 or 2019 since our facilities make estimates at each financial reporting period to adjust revenue based on historical collections. We also provide discounts to uninsured patients (included in "uninsured discounts" amounts below)who do not qualify for Medicaid or charity care. Because we do not pursue collection of amounts classified as uninsured discounts, the transaction price is fully adjusted and there is no impact in our net revenues or in our net accounts receivable. In implementing the discount policy, we first attempt to qualify uninsured patients for governmental programs, charity care or any other discount program. If an uninsured patient does not qualify for these programs, the uninsured discount is applied. 45
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Uncompensated care (charity care and uninsured discounts):
The following table shows the amounts recorded at our acute care hospitals for charity care and uninsured discounts, based on charges at established rates, for the years endedDecember 31, 2021 and 2020: (dollar amounts in thousands) 2021 2020 Amount % Amount % Charity care$ 661,965 33 %$ 622,668 28 % Uninsured discounts 1,336,319 67 % 1,578,470 72 % Total uncompensated care$ 1,998,284 100 %$ 2,201,138 100 %
The estimated cost of providing uncompensated care:
The estimated cost of providing uncompensated care, as reflected below, were
based on a calculation which multiplied the percentage of operating expenses for
our acute care hospitals to gross charges for those hospitals by the
above-mentioned total uncompensated care amounts. The percentage of cost to
gross charges is calculated based on the total operating expenses for our acute
care facilities divided by gross patient service revenue for those facilities.
An increase in the level of uninsured patients to our facilities and the
resulting adverse trends in the adjustments to net revenues and uncompensated
care provided could have a material unfavorable impact on our future operating
results.
(amounts in thousands)
2021 2020
Estimated cost of providing charity care $ 72,095 $ 73,690
Estimated cost of providing uninsured discounts
related care 145,538 186,804
Estimated cost of providing uncompensated care
Self-Insured/Other Insurance Risks: We provide for self-insured risks including general and professional liability claims, workers' compensation claims and healthcare and dental claims. Our estimated liability for self-insured professional and general liability claims is based on a number of factors including, among other things, the number of asserted claims and reported incidents, estimates of losses for these claims based on recent and historical settlement amounts, estimate of incurred but not reported claims based on historical experience, and estimates of amounts recoverable under our commercial insurance policies. All relevant information, including our own historical experience is used in estimating the expected amount of claims. While we continuously monitor these factors, our ultimate liability for professional and general liability claims could change materially from our current estimates due to inherent uncertainties involved in making this estimate. Our estimated self-insured reserves are reviewed and changed, if necessary, at each reporting date and changes are recognized currently as additional expense or as a reduction of expense. In addition, we also: (i) own commercial health insurers headquartered inReno, Nevada , andPuerto Rico and; (ii) maintain self-insured employee benefits programs for employee healthcare and dental claims. The ultimate costs related to these programs/operations include expenses for claims incurred and paid in addition to an accrual for the estimated expenses incurred in connection with claims incurred but not yet reported. Given our significant insurance-related exposure, there can be no assurance that a sharp increase in the number and/or severity of claims asserted against us will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations.
See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements-Commitments and Contingencies, for additional disclosure related to our professional and general liability, workers' compensation liability and property insurance.
Long-Lived Assets: We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on our ability to recover the carrying value of our asset based on our estimate of its undiscounted future cash flow. If the analysis indicates that the carrying value is not recoverable from future cash flows, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value and an impairment loss is recognized. Fair values are determined based on estimated future cash flows using appropriate discount rates.Goodwill and Intangible Assets:Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or more often if indicators of impairment arise. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on market conditions and operational performance of each reporting unit. We have designatedOctober 1st as our annual impairment assessment date for our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We performed an impairment assessment as ofOctober 1, 2021 which indicated no impairment of goodwill. There were also no goodwill impairments during 2020 or 2019. Future changes in the estimates used to conduct the impairment review, including profitability and market value projections, could indicate impairment in future periods potentially resulting in a write-off of a portion or all of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. Income Taxes: Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the amount of taxes payable or deductible in future years as a result of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. We believe 46
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that future income will enable us to realize our deferred tax assets net of recorded valuation allowances relating to state and foreign net operating loss carry-forwards, foreign tax credits, and interest deduction limitations.
We operate in multiple jurisdictions with varying tax laws. We are subject to audits by any of these taxing authorities. Our tax returns have been examined by the Internal Revenue Service through the year endedDecember 31, 2006 . We believe that adequate accruals have been provided for federal, foreign and state taxes.
See Provision for Income Taxes and Effective Tax Rates below for discussion of our effective tax rates during 2021 and 2020.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements: For a summary of recent accounting
pronouncements, please see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial
Statements-Accounting Standards as included in this Report on Form 10-K for the
year ended
CARES Act and Other Governmental Grants and Medicare Accelerated Payments:
2021:
During 2021, we received approximately$189 million of additional funds from the federal government in connection with the CARES Act, substantially all of which were received during the first quarter of 2021. During the second quarter of 2021, we returned the$189 million to the appropriate government agencies utilizing a portion of our cash and cash equivalents held on deposit. Therefore, our results of operations for the twelve-month period endedDecember 31, 2021 include no impact from the receipt of those funds. Also, in March of 2021 we made an early repayment of$695 million of funds received during 2020 pursuant to the Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment Program. These funds were returned to the government utilizing a portion of our cash and cash equivalents held on deposit.
2020:
As ofDecember 31, 2020 , we had received an aggregate of$1.112 billion as follows: o Approximately$417 million of funds received from various governmental stimulus programs, most notably the CARES Act. Included in our net income attributable to UHS for the year endedDecember 31, 2020 , was the favorable impact of
approximately
million (after-tax) resulting from the recording of approximately
$413 million of CARES Act and other grant income
revenues. Approximately $316 million of the grant income revenues
were attributable to our acute care services and approximately
$97 million were attributable to our behavioral health care
services.
o Approximately $695 million of Medicare accelerated payments
received pursuant to the Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment
Program. There was no impact on our earnings during 2020 in
connection with receipt of these funds. As mentioned above, in
March of 2021, we made an early, full repayment of these funds to
the government.
Please see Sources of Revenue- 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Medicare and Medicaid Payment Related Legislation below for additional disclosure.
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Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our results of operations, and is used in the discussion below, for the years endedDecember 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollar amounts in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2021 2020 % of Net % of Net Amount Revenues Amount Revenues Net revenues$ 12,642,117 100.0 %$ 11,558,897 100.0 % Operating charges: Salaries, wages and benefits 6,163,944 48.8 % 5,613,097 48.6 % Other operating expenses 3,035,869 24.0 % 2,672,762 23.1 % Supplies expense 1,427,134 11.3 % 1,288,132 11.1 % Depreciation and amortization 533,213 4.2 % 510,493 4.4 % Lease and rental expense 118,863 0.9 % 116,059 1.0 % Subtotal-operating expenses 11,279,023 89.2 % 10,200,543 88.2 % Income from operations 1,363,094 10.8 % 1,358,354 11.8 % Interest expense, net 83,672 0.7 % 106,285 0.9 % Other (income) expense, net (13,891 ) -0.1 % (14 ) 0.0 % Income before income taxes 1,293,313 10.2 % 1,252,083 10.8 % Provision for income taxes 305,681 2.4 % 299,293 2.6 % Net income 987,632 7.8 % 952,790 8.2 %
Less: Net income attributable to
noncontrolling interests (3,958 ) 0.0 % 8,837 0.1 % Net income attributable to UHS$ 991,590 7.8 %$ 943,953 8.2 % Net revenues increased by 9.4%, or$1.08 billion , to$12.64 billion during 2021 as compared to$11.56 billion during 2020. As discussed above, included in our net revenues during 2020 was approximately$413 million of net revenues recorded in connection with various governmental stimulus programs, most notably the CARES Act.
The increase in net revenues was primarily attributable to:
• a
care and behavioral health care operations owned during both periods
(which we refer to as "same facility"), and;
•
increase in revenues related to provider tax programs which had no impact
on net income attributable to UHS as reflected above since the amounts
were offset between net revenues and other operating expenses.
Income before income taxes increased by$41 million to$1.29 billion during 2021 as compared to$1.25 billion during 2020. The$41 million increase in our income before income taxes during 2021, as compared to 2020, was due to the following:
• an increase of
below in Acute Care Hospital Services, which includes the favorable impact
recorded during 2020, from
connection with various governmental stimulus programs, most notably the
CARES Act (
attributable noncontrolling interests);
• an increase of
discussed below in
favorable impact recorded during 2020, from
recorded in connection with various governmental stimulus programs, most
notably the CARES Act;
• an increase of
primarily to a decrease in our aggregate average cost of borrowings, as
discussed below in Other Operating Results-Interest Expense, and;
• $25 million of other combined net decreases.
Net income attributable to UHS increased by
• an increase of
• an increase of
noncontrolling interests, and;
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• a decrease of
for income taxes due primarily to: (i) the income tax provision recorded
in connection with the
2016-09, which decreased our provision for income taxes by approximately
$2 million during 2021, as compared to an increase of approximately$7 million during 2020. Please see additional disclosure below in Other Operating Results-Provision for Income Taxes and Effective Tax Rates.
Increase to self-insured professional and general liability reserves:
Our estimated liability for self-insured professional and general liability claims is based on a number of factors including, among other things, the number of asserted claims and reported incidents, estimates of losses for these claims based on recent and historical settlement amounts, estimates of incurred but not reported claims based on historical experience, and estimates of amounts recoverable under our commercial insurance policies. As a result of unfavorable trends experienced during 2021 and 2020, included in our results of operations were pre-tax increases of$52 million during 2021 and$25 million during 2020 to increase our reserves for self-insured professional and general liability claims. During 2021, approximately$39 million of the reserves increase is included in our same facility basis acute care hospitals services' results and approximately$13 million is included in our behavioral health services' results. During 2020, approximately$19 million of the reserves increase is included in our same facility basis acute care hospitals services' results and approximately$6 million is included in our behavioral health services' results.
Acute Care Hospital Services
The following table sets forth certain operating statistics for our acute care
hospital services for the years ended
Same Facility Basis All
2021 2020 2021 2020
Average licensed beds 6,543 6,457 6,566 6,457
Average available beds 6,371 6,285 6,394 6,285
Patient days 1,564,828 1,458,321 1,568,639 1,458,321
Average daily census 4,287.2 3,984.5 4,297.6 3,984.5
Occupancy-licensed beds 65.5 % 61.7 % 65.5 % 61.7 %
Occupancy-available beds 67.3 % 63.4 % 67.2 % 63.4 %
Admissions 304,955 286,535 305,296 286,535
Length of stay 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
Acute Care Hospital Services-Same Facility Basis
We believe that providing our results on a "Same Facility" basis (which is a non-GAAP measure), which includes the operating results for facilities and businesses operated in both the current year and prior year periods, is helpful to our investors as a measure of our operating performance. Our Same Facility results also neutralize (if applicable) the effect of items that are non-operational in nature including items such as, but not limited to, gains/losses on sales of assets and businesses, impacts of settlements, legal judgments and lawsuits, impairments of long-lived and intangible assets and other amounts that may be reflected in the current or prior year financial statements that relate to prior periods. Our Same Facility basis results reflected on the tables below also exclude from net revenues and other operating expenses, provider tax assessments incurred in each period as discussed below Sources of Revenue-Various State Medicaid Supplemental Payment Programs. However, these provider tax assessments are included in net revenues and other operating expenses as reflected in the table below under All Acute Care Hospital Services. The provider tax assessments had no impact on the income before income taxes as reflected on the tables below since the amounts offset between net revenues and other operating expenses. To obtain a complete understanding of our financial performance, the Same Facility results should be examined in connection with our net income as determined in accordance withU.S. GAAP and as presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto as contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 49
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The following table summarizes the results of operations for our acute care hospital services on a same facility basis and is used in the discussions below for the years endedDecember 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollar amounts in thousands): Year Ended Year Ended December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 % of Net % of Net Amount Revenues Amount Revenues Net revenues$ 6,963,627 100.0 %$ 6,238,236 100.0 % Operating charges: Salaries, wages and benefits 2,947,853 42.3 % 2,611,143 41.9 % Other operating expenses 1,656,848 23.8 % 1,462,627 23.4 % Supplies expense 1,218,969 17.5 % 1,081,154 17.3 % Depreciation and amortization 327,774 4.7 % 318,077 5.1 % Lease and rental expense 73,421 1.1 % 69,638 1.1 % Subtotal-operating expenses 6,224,865 89.4 % 5,542,639 88.8 % Income from operations 738,762 10.6 % 695,597 11.2 % Interest expense, net 1,006 0.0 % 1,567 0.0 % Other (income) expense, net 567 0.0 % 0 0.0 % Income before income taxes$ 737,189 10.6 %$ 694,030 11.1 % On a same facility basis during 2021, as compared to 2020, net revenues from our acute care hospital services increased$725 million or 11.6%. Income before income taxes (and before income attributable to noncontrolling interests) increased by$43 million , or 6%, to$737 million or 10.6% of net revenues during 2021 as compared to$694 million or 11.1% of net revenues during 2020. As mentioned above, included in our acute care hospital services' revenues during 2020 was approximately$316 million of revenues recorded in connection with funds received from various governmental stimulus programs, most notably the CARES Act. Excluding these governmental stimulus program revenues from 2020, net revenues from our acute care hospital services, on a same facility basis, increased$1.04 billion or 17.6% during 2021, as compared to 2020, and income before income taxes increased$359 million or 95% during 2021, as compared to 2020. During 2021, excluding the impact of the$316 million of governmental stimulus program revenues recorded during 2020, net revenue per adjusted admission increased by 8.6% while net revenue per adjusted patient day increased by 7.7%, as compared to 2020. During 2021, as compared to 2020, inpatient admissions to our acute care hospitals increased by 6.4% and adjusted admissions increased by 7.7%. Patient days at these facilities increased by 7.3% and adjusted patient days increased by 8.6% during 2021 as compared to 2020. The average length of inpatient stay at these facilities remained unchanged at 5.1 days during each of 2021 and 2020. The occupancy rate, based on the average available beds at these facilities, was 67% and 63% during 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Information Technology Incident in 2020:
As previously disclosed onSeptember 29, 2020 , we experienced an information technology security incident in the early morning hours ofSeptember 27, 2020 . As a result of this cyberattack, we suspended user access to our information technology applications related to operations located inthe United States . While our information technology applications were offline, patient care was delivered safely and effectively at our facilities across the country utilizing established back-up processes, including offline documentation methods. Our information technology applications were substantially restored at our acute care and behavioral health hospitals at various times in October, 2020, on a rolling/staggered basis, and our facilities generally resumed standard operating procedures at that time. Given the disruption to the standard operating procedures at our facilities during the period ofSeptember 27, 2020 into October, 2020, certain patient activity, including ambulance traffic and elective/scheduled procedures at our acute care hospitals, were diverted to competitor facilities. We also incurred significant incremental labor expense, both internal and external, to restore information technology operations as expeditiously as possible. Additionally, certain administrative functions such as coding and billing were delayed into December, 2020, which had a negative impact on our operating cash flows during the fourth quarter of 2020. As a result of these factors, we estimated that, for the year endedDecember 31, 2020 , this incident had an aggregate unfavorable pre-tax impact of approximately$67 million . The substantial majority of the unfavorable impact was attributable to our acute care services and consisted primarily of lost operating income resulting from the related decrease in patient activity as well as increased revenue reserves recorded in connection with the associated billing delays. Also, the unfavorable impact included certain labor expenses, professional fees and other operating expenses incurred as a direct result of this incident and the related disruption to our operations. During the year endedDecember 31, 2021 , the operating results of our acute care services were favorably impacted by an aggregate of approximately$43 million resulting from: (i) receipt of commercial cyber insurance proceeds (approximately$26 million ), and; (ii) collection of revenues previously reserved during 2020 (approximately$17 million ). Although we can provide no assurance or estimation related to the receipt timing, or amount of additional proceeds that we may receive pursuant to commercial 50
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insurance coverage we have in connection with this incident, we believe we are
entitled to additional insurance proceeds of up to approximately
All Acute Care Hospital Services
The following table summarizes the results of operations for all our acute care
operations during 2021 and 2020. These amounts include: (i) our acute care
results on a same facility basis, as indicated above; (ii) the impact of
provider tax assessments which increased net revenues and other operating
expenses but had no impact on income before income taxes, and; (iii) certain
other amounts including, if applicable, the results of recently acquired/opened
ancillary businesses. Dollar amounts below are reflected in thousands.
Year Ended Year Ended
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
% of Net % of Net
Amount Revenues Amount Revenues
Net revenues $ 7,108,254 100.0 % $ 6,337,304 100.0 %
Operating charges:
Salaries, wages and benefits 2,968,140 41.8 % 2,611,514 41.2 %
Other operating expenses 1,772,312 24.9 % 1,561,875 24.6 %
Supplies expense 1,224,664 17.2 % 1,081,159 17.1 %
Depreciation and amortization 331,508 4.7 % 318,124 5.0 %
Lease and rental expense 75,391 1.1 % 69,638 1.1 %
Subtotal-operating expenses 6,372,015 89.6 % 5,642,310 89.0 %
Income from operations 736,239 10.4 % 694,994 11.0 %
Interest expense, net 1,006 0.0 % 1,567 0.0 %
Other (income) expense, net 567 0.0 % 0 0.0 %
Income before income taxes $ 734,666 10.3 % $ 693,427 10.9 %
During 2021, as compared to 2020, net revenues from our acute care hospital
services increased $771 million or 12.2% to $7.11 billion as compared to $6.34
billion during 2020 due to: (i) the $725 million , or 11.6%, increase in same
facility revenues, as discussed above, and; (ii) an aggregate increase of $46
million consisting of revenues generated from recently acquired facilities and
businesses (as discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial
Statements-Acquisitions and Divestitures) and an increase in provider tax
assessments which had no impact on net income attributable to UHS since the
amounts were offset between net revenues and other operating expenses.
Income before income taxes increased by $41 million , or 6%, to $735 million or
10.3% of net revenues during 2021 as compared to $693 million or 10.9% of net
revenues during 2020. The $41 million increase in income before income taxes
from our acute care hospital services resulted primarily from the
above-mentioned $43 million increase in income before income taxes, on a same
facility basis, as discussed above.
Excluding the above-mentioned $316 million of revenues recorded during 2020 in
connection with various governmental stimulus programs, net revenues from our
acute care hospital services increased by $1.09 billion or 18.0% during 2021, as
compared to 2020, and income before income taxes increased by $357 million or
95% during 2021, as compared to 2020.
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Behavioral Health Care Services
The following table sets forth certain operating statistics for our behavioral
health care services for the years ended
Same Facility Basis All
2021 2020 2021 2020
Average licensed beds 23,740 23,477 24,132 23,661
Average available beds 23,638 23,375 24,030 23,559
Patient days 6,114,699 6,109,418 6,162,780 6,142,823
Average daily census 16,752.6 16,692.4 16,884.3 16,783.7
Occupancy-licensed beds 70.6 % 71.1 % 70.0 % 70.9 %
Occupancy-available beds 70.9 % 71.4 % 70.3 % 71.2 %
Admissions 451,493 445,737 457,006 448,870
Length of stay 13.5 13.7 13.5 13.7
Behavioral Health Care Services-Same Facility Basis
Our Same Facility basis results (which is a non-GAAP measure), which include the operating results for facilities and businesses operated in both the current year and prior year period, neutralize (if applicable) the effect of items that are non-operational in nature including items such as, but not limited to, gains/losses on sales of assets and businesses, impact of the reserve established in connection with the civil aspects of the government's investigation of certain of our behavioral health care facilities, impacts of settlements, legal judgments and lawsuits, impairments of long-lived and intangible assets and other amounts that may be reflected in the current or prior year financial statements that relate to prior periods. Our Same Facility basis results reflected on the table below also excludes from net revenues and other operating expenses, provider tax assessments incurred in each period as discussed below Sources of Revenue-Various State Medicaid Supplemental Payment Programs. However, these provider tax assessments are included in net revenues and other operating expenses as reflected in the table below under All Behavioral Health Care Services. The provider tax assessments had no impact on the income before income taxes as reflected on the tables below since the amounts offset between net revenues and other operating expenses. To obtain a complete understanding of our financial performance, the Same Facility results should be examined in connection with our net income as determined in accordance withU.S. GAAP and as presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto as contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table summarizes the results of operations for our behavioral health care services, on a same facility basis, and is used in the discussions below for the years endedDecember 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollar amounts in thousands): Year Ended Year Ended December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 % of Net % of Net Amount Revenues Amount Revenues Net revenues$ 5,394,647 100.0 %$ 5,116,728 100.0 % Operating charges: Salaries, wages and benefits 2,874,224 53.3 % 2,717,905 53.1 % Other operating expenses 1,037,248 19.2 % 929,922 18.2 % Supplies expense 203,516 3.8 % 204,442 4.0 % Depreciation and amortization 182,303 3.4 % 175,537 3.4 % Lease and rental expense 41,182 0.8 % 41,940 0.8 % Subtotal-operating expenses 4,338,473 80.4 % 4,069,746 79.5 % Income from operations 1,056,174 19.6 % 1,046,982 20.5 % Interest expense, net 1,338 0.0 % 1,447 0.0 % Other (income) expense, net 96 0.0 % 1,060 0.0 % Income before income taxes$ 1,054,740 19.6 %$ 1,044,475 20.4 % On a same facility basis during 2021, net revenues generated from our behavioral health services increased by$278 million , or 5.4%, to$5.39 billion , from$5.12 billion generated during 2020. Income before income taxes increased by$10 million , or 1%, to$1.05 billion or 19.6% of net revenues during 2021, as compared to$1.04 billion or 19.6% of net revenues during 2020. As mentioned above, included in our behavioral health services' revenues during 2020 was approximately$97 million of revenues recorded in connection with funds received from various governmental stimulus programs, most notably the CARES Act. Excluding these governmental stimulus program revenues from 2020, net revenues from our behavioral health services, on a same facility basis, increased by$375 million or 7.5% during 2021, as compared to 2020, and income before income taxes increased$107 million or 11% during 2021, as compared to 2020. 52
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During 2021, excluding the impact of the$97 million of governmental stimulus program revenues, net revenue per adjusted admission increased by 5.4% and net revenue per adjusted patient day increased by 6.7%, as compared to 2020. On a same facility basis, inpatient admissions and adjusted admissions to our behavioral health facilities increased by 1.3% and 1.6% during 2021, as compared to 2020, respectively. Patient days and adjusted patient days at these facilities increased by 0.1% and 0.4% during 2021, as compared to 2020, respectively. The average length of inpatient stay at these facilities was 13.5 days and 13.7 days during 2021 and 2020, respectively. The occupancy rate, based on the average available beds at these facilities, was 71% during each of 2021 and 2020.
All Behavioral Health Care Services
The following table summarizes the results of operations for all our behavioral
health care services during 2021 and 2020. These amounts include: (i) our
behavioral health care results on a same facility basis, as indicated above;
(ii) the impact of provider tax assessments which increased net revenues and
other operating expenses but had no impact on income before income taxes, and;
(iii) certain other amounts, if applicable, including the results of facilities
acquired or opened during the past year as well as the results of certain
facilities that were closed or restructured during the past year. Dollar amounts
below are reflected in thousands.
Year Ended Year Ended
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
% of Net % of Net
Amount Revenues Amount Revenues
Net revenues $ 5,503,644 100.0 % $ 5,208,722 100.0 %
Operating charges:
Salaries, wages and benefits 2,893,028 52.6 % 2,727,129 52.4 %
Other operating expenses 1,145,879 20.8 % 1,023,733 19.7 %
Supplies expense 204,840 3.7 % 204,711 3.9 %
Depreciation and amortization 187,761 3.4 % 182,012 3.5 %
Lease and rental expense 41,703 0.8 % 45,505 0.9 %
Subtotal-operating expenses 4,473,211 81.3 % 4,183,090 80.3 %
Income from operations 1,030,433 18.7 % 1,025,632 19.7 %
Interest expense, net 4,780 0.1 % 1,599 0.0 %
Other (income) expense, net 96 0.0 % 776 0.0 %
Income before income taxes $ 1,025,557 18.6 % $ 1,023,257 19.6 %
During 2021, as compared to 2020, net revenues generated from our behavioral
health services increased $295 million due to: (i) the above-mentioned $278
million or 5.4% increase in net revenues on a same facility basis, and; (ii) $17
million other combined net increases consisting primarily of an increase in
provider tax assessments which had no impact on net income attributable to UHS
since the amounts were offset between net revenues and other operating
expenses.
Income before income taxes increased by $2 million to $1.03 billion or 18.6% of
net revenues during 2021, as compared to $1.02 billion or 19.6% of net revenues
during 2020. The increase in income before income taxes at our behavioral health
facilities was due primarily to: (i) the above-mentioned $10 million increase on
a same facility basis, partially offset by; (ii) an $8 million net aggregate
decrease resulting primarily from the start-up losses sustained at various newly
opened facilities.
Excluding the above-mentioned $97 million of revenues recorded during 2020 in
connection with various governmental stimulus programs, net revenues from our
behavioral health services increased by $392 million or 7.7% during 2021, as
compared to 2020, and income before income taxes increased by $99 million or 11%
during 2021, as compared to 2020.
Sources of Revenue
Overview: We receive payments for services rendered from private insurers, including managed care plans, the federal government under the Medicare program, state governments under their respective Medicaid programs and directly from patients. Hospital revenues depend upon inpatient occupancy levels, the medical and ancillary services and therapy programs ordered by physicians and provided to patients, the volume of outpatient procedures and the charges or negotiated payment rates for such services. Charges and reimbursement rates for inpatient routine services vary depending on the type of services provided (e.g., medical/surgical, intensive care or behavioral health) and the geographic location of the hospital. Inpatient occupancy levels fluctuate for various reasons, many of which are beyond our control. The percentage of patient service revenue attributable to outpatient services has generally increased in recent years, primarily as a result of advances in medical technology that allow more services to be provided on an outpatient basis, as well as increased pressure from Medicare, Medicaid and private insurers to reduce hospital stays and provide services, where possible, on a less expensive outpatient basis. We believe that our experience with respect to our increased outpatient levels mirrors the general trend occurring in the health care industry and we are unable to predict the rate of growth and resulting impact on our future revenues.
Patients are generally not responsible for any difference between customary hospital charges and amounts reimbursed for such services under Medicare, Medicaid, some private insurance plans, and managed care plans, but are responsible for services not
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covered by such plans, exclusions, deductibles or co-insurance features of their coverage. The amount of such exclusions, deductibles and co-insurance has generally been increasing each year. Indications from recent federal and state legislation are that this trend will continue. Collection of amounts due from individuals is typically more difficult than from governmental or business payers which unfavorably impacts the collectability of our patient accounts. As described below in the section titled 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Medicare and Medicaid Payment Related Legislation, the federal government has enacted multiple pieces of legislation to assist healthcare providers during the COVID-19 world-wide pandemic andU.S. National Emergency declaration. We have outlined those legislative changes related to Medicare and Medicaid payment and their estimated impact on our financial results, where estimates are possible. Sources of Revenues and Health Care Reform: Given increasing budget deficits, the federal government and many states are currently considering additional ways to limit increases in levels of Medicare and Medicaid funding, which could also adversely affect future payments received by our hospitals. In addition, the uncertainty and fiscal pressures placed upon the federal government as a result of, among other things, impacts on state revenue and expenses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, economic recovery stimulus packages, responses to natural disasters, and the federal and state budget deficits in general may affect the availability of government funds to provide additional relief in the future. We are unable to predict the effect of future policy changes on our operations. OnMarch 23, 2010 ,President Obama signed into law the Legislation. Two primary goals of the Legislation are to provide for increased access to coverage for healthcare and to reduce healthcare-related expenses. The Legislation revises reimbursement under the Medicare and Medicaid programs to emphasize the efficient delivery of high quality care and contains a number of incentives and penalties under these programs to achieve these goals. The Legislation provides for decreases in the annual market basket update for federal fiscal years 2010 through 2019, a productivity offset to the market basket update beginningOctober 1, 2011 for Medicare Part B reimbursable items and services and beginningOctober 1, 2012 for Medicare inpatient hospital services. The Legislation and subsequent revisions provide for reductions to both Medicare DSH and Medicaid DSH payments. The Medicare DSH reductions began in October, 2013 while the Medicaid DSH reductions are scheduled to begin in 2024. The Legislation implemented a value-based purchasing program, which will reward the delivery of efficient care. Conversely, certain facilities will receive reduced reimbursement for failing to meet quality parameters; such hospitals will include those with excessive readmission or hospital-acquired condition rates. A 2012U.S. Supreme Court ruling limited the federal government's ability to expand health insurance coverage by holding unconstitutional sections of the Legislation that sought to withdraw federal funding for state noncompliance with certain Medicaid coverage requirements. Pursuant to that decision, the federal government may not penalize states that choose not to participate in the Medicaid expansion by reducing their existing Medicaid funding. Therefore, states can choose to expand or not to expand their Medicaid program without risking the loss of federal Medicaid funding. As a result, many states, includingTexas , have not expanded their Medicaid programs without the threat of loss of federal funding. CMS has previously granted section 1115 demonstration waivers providing for work and community engagement requirements for certain Medicaid eligible individuals. CMS has also released guidance to states interested in receiving their Medicaid funding through a block grant mechanism. The Biden administration has signaled its intent to withdraw previously issued section 1115 demonstrations aligned with these policies. However, if implemented, the previously issued section 1115 demonstrations are anticipated to lead to reductions in coverage, and likely increases in uncompensated care, in states where these demonstration waivers are granted. OnDecember 14, 2018 , aTexas Federal District Court deemed the Legislation to be unconstitutional in its entirety. The Court concluded that the Individual Mandate is no longer permissible underCongress's taxing power as a result of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA") reducing the individual mandate's tax to$0 (i.e., it no longer produces revenue, which is an essential feature of a tax), rendering the Legislation unconstitutional. The court also held that because the individual mandate is "essential" to the Legislation and is inseverable from the rest of the law, the entire Legislation is unconstitutional. Because the court issued a declaratory judgment and did not enjoin the law, the Legislation remained in place pending its appeal.The District Court for the Northern District of Texas ruling was appealed to theU.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit . OnDecember 18, 2019 , theFifth Circuit Court of Appeals' three-judge panel voted 2-1 to strike down the Legislation individual mandate as unconstitutional.The Fifth Circuit Court also sent the case back to theTexas district court to determine which Legislation provisions should be stricken with the mandate or whether the entire Legislation is unconstitutional. OnMarch 2, 2020 , theU.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear, during the 2020-2021 term, two consolidated cases, filed by theState of California and theUnited States House of Representatives , asking theU.S. Supreme Court to review the ruling by theFifth Circuit Court of Appeals . Oral argument was heard onNovember 10, 2020 , and onJune 17, 2021 , theU.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion holding 7-2 that a group of states and individuals lacked standing to challenge the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"). The Court did not reach the plaintiffs' merits arguments, which specifically challenged the constitutionality of the ACA's individual mandate and the entirety of the ACA itself. As a result, the ACA will continue to be law, and HHS and its respective agencies will continue to enforce regulations implementing the law. The various provisions in the Legislation that directly or indirectly affect Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement are scheduled to take effect over a number of years. The impact of the Legislation on healthcare providers will be subject to implementing regulations, interpretive guidance and possible future legislation or legal challenges. Certain Legislation provisions, such as that creating the Medicare Shared Savings Program creates uncertainty in how healthcare may be reimbursed by federal programs in the 54
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future. Thus, we cannot predict the impact of the Legislation on our future reimbursement at this time and we can provide no assurance that the Legislation will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations.
The Legislation also contained provisions aimed at reducing fraud and abuse in healthcare. The Legislation amends several existing laws, including the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the False Claims Act, making it easier for government agencies and private plaintiffs to prevail in lawsuits brought against healthcare providers. WhileCongress had previously revised the intent requirement of the Anti-Kickback Statute to provide that a person is not required to "have actual knowledge or specific intent to commit a violation of" the Anti-Kickback Statute in order to be found in violation of such law, the Legislation also provides that any claims for items or services that violate the Anti-Kickback Statute are also considered false claims for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. The Legislation provides that a healthcare provider that retains an overpayment in excess of 60 days is subject to the federal civil False Claims Act. The Legislation also expands the Recovery Audit Contractor program to Medicaid. These amendments also make it easier for severe fines and penalties to be imposed on healthcare providers that violate applicable laws and regulations. We have partnered with local physicians in the ownership of certain of our facilities. These investments have been permitted under an exception to the physician self-referral law. The Legislation permits existing physician investments in a hospital to continue under a "grandfather" clause if the arrangement satisfies certain requirements and restrictions, but physicians are prohibited from increasing the aggregate percentage of their ownership in the hospital. The Legislation also imposes certain compliance and disclosure requirements upon existing physician-owned hospitals and restricts the ability of physician-owned hospitals to expand the capacity of their facilities. As discussed below, should the Legislation be repealed in its entirety, this aspect of the Legislation would also be repealed restoring physician ownership of hospitals and expansion right to its position and practice as it existed prior to the Legislation. The impact of the Legislation on each of our hospitals may vary. Because Legislation provisions are effective at various times over the next several years, we anticipate that many of the provisions in the Legislation may be subject to further revision. Initiatives to repeal the Legislation, in whole or in part, to delay elements of implementation or funding, and to offer amendments or supplements to modify its provisions have been persistent. The ultimate outcomes of legislative attempts to repeal or amend the Legislation and legal challenges to the Legislation are unknown. Legislation has already been enacted that eliminated the individual mandate penalty, effectiveJanuary 1, 2019 , related to the obligation to obtain health insurance that was part of the original Legislation. In addition,Congress previously considered legislation that would, in material part: (i) eliminate the large employer mandate to offer health insurance coverage to full-time employees; (ii) permit insurers to impose a surcharge up to 30 percent on individualswho go uninsured for more than two months and then purchase coverage; (iii) provide tax credits towards the purchase of health insurance, with a phase-out of tax credits accordingly to income level; (iv) expand health savings accounts; (v) impose a per capita cap on federal funding of state Medicaid programs, or, if elected by a state, transition federal funding to block grants, and; (vi) permit states to seek a waiver of certain federal requirements that would allow such state to define essential health benefits differently from federal standards and that would allow certain commercial health plans to take health status, including pre-existing conditions, into account in setting premiums. In addition to legislative changes, the Legislation can be significantly impacted by executive branch actions.President Biden is expected to undertake executive actions that will strengthen the Legislation and may reverse the policies of the prior administration.The Trump Administration had directed the issuance of final rules (i) enabling the formation of health plans that would be exempt from certain Legislation essential health benefits requirements; (ii) expanding the availability of short-term, limited duration health insurance; (iii) eliminating cost-sharing reduction payments to insurers that would otherwise offset deductibles and other out-of-pocket expenses for health plan enrollees at or below 250 percent of the federal poverty level; (iv) relaxing requirements for state innovation waivers that could reduce enrollment in the individual and small group markets and lead to additional enrollment in short-term, limited duration insurance and association health plans; and (vi) incentivizing the use of health reimbursement arrangements by employers to permit employees to purchase health insurance in the individual market. The uncertainty resulting from these Executive Branch policies led to reduced Exchange enrollment in 2018, 2019 and 2020. To date, the Biden administration has issued executive orders implementing a special enrollment period permitting individuals to enroll in health plans outside of the annual open enrollment period and reexamining policies that may undermine the ACA or the Medicaid program. The ARPA's expansion of subsidies to purchase coverage through an exchange contributed to increased exchange enrollment in 2021. The recent and on-going COVID-19 pandemic and relatedU.S. National Emergency declaration may significantly increase the number of uninsured patients treated at our facilities extending beyond the most recent CBO published estimates due to increased unemployment and loss of group health plan health insurance coverage. It is also anticipated that these policies may create additional cost and reimbursement pressures on hospitals. It remains unclear what portions of the Legislation may remain, or whether any replacement or alternative programs may be created by any future legislation. Any such future repeal or replacement may have significant impact on the reimbursement for healthcare services generally, and may create reimbursement for services competing with the services offered by our hospitals. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the adoption of any future federal or state healthcare reform legislation will not have a negative financial impact on our hospitals, including their ability to compete with alternative healthcare services funded by such potential legislation, or for our hospitals to receive payment for services. For additional disclosure related to our revenues including a disaggregation of our consolidated net revenues by major source for each of the periods presented herein, please see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements-Revenue. 55
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Medicare: Medicare is a federal program that provides certain hospital and
medical insurance benefits to persons aged 65 and over, some disabled persons
and persons with end-stage renal disease. All of our acute care hospitals and
many of our behavioral health centers are certified as providers of Medicare
services by the appropriate governmental authorities. Amounts received under the
Medicare program are generally significantly less than a hospital's customary
charges for services provided. Since a substantial portion of our revenues will
come from patients under the Medicare program, our ability to operate our
business successfully in the future will depend in large measure on our ability
to adapt to changes in this program.
Under the Medicare program, for inpatient services, our general acute care
hospitals receive reimbursement under the inpatient prospective payment system
("IPPS"). Under the IPPS, hospitals are paid a predetermined fixed payment
amount for each hospital discharge. The fixed payment amount is based upon each
patient's Medicare severity diagnosis related group ("MS-DRG"). Every MS-DRG is
assigned a payment rate based upon the estimated intensity of hospital resources
necessary to treat the average patient with that particular diagnosis. The
MS-DRG payment rates are based upon historical national average costs and do not
consider the actual costs incurred by a hospital in providing care. This MS-DRG
assignment also affects the predetermined capital rate paid with each MS-DRG.
The MS-DRG and capital payment rates are adjusted annually by the predetermined
geographic adjustment factor for the geographic region in which a particular
hospital is located and are weighted based upon a statistically normal
distribution of severity. While we generally will not receive payment from
Medicare for inpatient services, other than the MS-DRG payment, a hospital may
qualify for an "outlier" payment if a particular patient's treatment costs are
extraordinarily high and exceed a specified threshold. MS-DRG rates are adjusted
by an update factor each federal fiscal year, which begins on October 1 . The
index used to adjust the MS-DRG rates, known as the "hospital market basket
index," gives consideration to the inflation experienced by hospitals in
purchasing goods and services. Generally, however, the percentage increases in
the MS-DRG payments have been lower than the projected increase in the cost of
goods and services purchased by hospitals.
In August, 2021, CMS published its IPPS 2022 final payment rule which provides
for a 2.7% market basket increase to the base Medicare MS-DRG blended rate. When
statutorily mandated budget neutrality factors, annual geographic wage index
updates, documenting and coding adjustments, and adjustments mandated by the
Legislation are considered, without consideration for the required Medicare DSH
payments changes and increase to the Medicare Outlier threshold, the overall
final increase in IPPS payments is approximately 2.5%. Including DSH payments
and certain other adjustments, we estimate our overall increase from the final
IPPS 2022 rule (covering the period of October 1, 2021 through September 30,
2022 ) will approximate 1.5%. This projected impact from the IPPS 2022 final rule
includes an increase of approximately 0.5% to partially restore cuts made as a
result of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 ("ATRA"), as required by the
21st Century Cures Act but excludes the impact of the sequestration reductions
related to the 2011 Act, Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, and Bipartisan Budget
Act of 2018, as discussed below.
In September, 2020, CMS published its IPPS 2021 final payment rule which
provides for a 2.4% market basket increase to the base Medicare MS-DRG blended
rate. When statutorily mandated budget neutrality factors, annual geographic
wage index updates, documenting and coding adjustments, and adjustments mandated
by the Legislation are considered, without consideration for the required
Medicare DSH payments changes and increase to the Medicare Outlier threshold,
the overall increase in IPPS payments is approximately 1.8%. Including DSH
payments and certain other adjustments, we estimate our overall increase from
the final IPPS 2021 rule (covering the period of October 1, 2020 through
September 30, 2021 ) will approximate 2.3%. This projected impact from the IPPS
2021 final rule includes an increase of approximately 0.5% to partially restore
cuts made as a result of ATRA, as required by the 21st Century Cures Act but
excludes the impact of the sequestration reductions related to the 2011 Act,
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, and Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018.
In the final rule, CMS will require hospitals to report certain market-based
payment rate information for Medicare Advantage organizations on their Medicare
cost report for cost reporting periods ending on or after January 1, 2021 , to be
used in a potential change to the methodology for calculating the IPPS MS-DRG
relative weights to reflect relative market-based pricing, beginning in FY 2024.
In August, 2019, CMS published its IPPS 2020 final payment rule which provides
for a 3.0% market basket increase to the base Medicare MS-DRG blended rate. When
statutorily mandated budget neutrality factors, annual geographic wage index
updates, documenting and coding adjustments, and adjustments mandated by the
Legislation are considered, without consideration for the required Medicare DSH
payments changes and increase to the Medicare Outlier threshold, the overall
increase in IPPS payments is approximately 2.8%. Including DSH payments and
certain other adjustments, we estimate our overall increase from the final IPPS
2020 rule (covering the period of October 1, 2019 through September 30, 2020 )
will approximate 2.1%. This projected impact from the IPPS 2020 final rule
includes an increase of approximately 0.5% to partially restore cuts made as a
result ATRA, as required by the 21st Century Cures Act but excludes the impact
of the sequestration reductions related to the 2011 Act, Bipartisan Budget Act
of 2015, and Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, as discussed below. CMS completed
its full phase-in to use uncompensated care data from the 2015 Worksheet S-10
hospital cost reports to allocate approximately $8.5 billion in the DSH
Uncompensated Care Pool .
In June, 2019, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a decision
favorable to hospitals impacting prior year Medicare DSH payments (Azar v.
Allina Health Services , No. 17-1484 (U.S. Jun. 3, 2019 )). In Allina, the
hospitals challenged the Medicare DSH adjustments for federal fiscal year 2012,
specifically challenging CMS's decision to include inpatient hospital days
attributable to Medicare Part C enrollee patients in the numerator and
denominator of the Medicare/SSI fraction used to calculate a hospital's DSH
payments. This ruling addresses CMS's attempts to impose the policy espoused in
its vacated 2004 rulemaking to a fiscal year in the 2004-2013 time period
without using notice-and-comment rulemaking. This decision should require CMS to
recalculate hospitals'
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DSH Medicare/SSI fractions, with Medicare Part C days excluded, for at least federal fiscal year 2012, but likely federal fiscal years 2005 through 2013. In August, 2020, CMS issued a rule that proposed to retroactively negate the effects of the aforementionedSupreme Court decision, which rule has yet to be finalized. Although we can provide no assurance that we will ultimately receive additional funds, we estimate that the favorable impact of this court ruling on certain prior year hospital Medicare DSH payments could range between$18 million to$28 million in the aggregate. The 2011 Act included the imposition of annual spending limits for most federal agencies and programs aimed at reducing budget deficits by$917 billion between 2012 and 2021, according to a report released by theCongressional Budget Office . Among its other provisions, the law established a bipartisan Congressional committee, known asthe Joint Committee , which was responsible for developing recommendations aimed at reducing future federal budget deficits by an additional$1.5 trillion over 10 years.The Joint Committee was unable to reach an agreement by theNovember 23, 2011 deadline and, as a result, across-the-board cuts to discretionary, national defense and Medicare spending were implemented onMarch 1, 2013 resulting in Medicare payment reductions of up to 2% per fiscal year. Recent legislation suspended payment reductions throughDecember 31, 2021 , in exchange for extended cuts through 2030. In December, 2021, the suspended 2% payment reduction was extended untilMarch 31, 2022 and partially suspended at a 1% payment reduction for an additional three-month period that ends onJune 30, 2022 . Inpatient services furnished by psychiatric hospitals under the Medicare program are paid under a Psychiatric Prospective Payment System ("Psych PPS"). Medicare payments to psychiatric hospitals are based on a prospective per diem rate with adjustments to account for certain facility and patient characteristics. The Psych PPS also contains provisions for outlier payments and an adjustment to a psychiatric hospital's base payment if it maintains a full-service emergency department. In July, 2021, CMS published its Psych PPS final rule for the federal fiscal year 2022. Under this final rule, payments to our psychiatric hospitals and units are estimated to increase by 2.2% compared to federal fiscal year 2021. This amount includes the effect of the 2.0% net market basket update which reflects the offset of a 0.7% productivity adjustment. In July, 2020, CMS published its Psych PPS final rule for the federal fiscal year 2021. Under this final rule, payments to our psychiatric hospitals and units are estimated to increase by 2.2% compared to federal fiscal year 2020. This amount includes the effect of the 2.2% market basket update. In July, 2019, CMS published its Psych PPS final rule for the federal fiscal year 2020. Under this final rule, payments to our psychiatric hospitals and units are estimated to increase by 1.7% compared to federal fiscal year 2019. This amount includes the effect of the 2.9% market basket update less a 0.75% adjustment as required by the ACA and a 0.4% productivity adjustment. CMS's calendar year 2018 final OPPS rule, issued onNovember 13, 2017 , substantially reduced Medicare Part B reimbursement for 340B Program drugs paid to hospitals. BeginningJanuary 1, 2018 , CMS reimbursement for certain separately payable drugs or biologicals that are acquired through the 340B Program by a hospital paid under the OPPS (and not excepted from the payment adjustment policy) is the average sales price of the drug or biological minus 22.5 percent, an effective reduction of 26.89% in payments for 340B program drugs. In December, 2018, theU.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that HHS did not have statutory authority to implement the 2018 Medicare OPPS rate reduction related to hospitals that qualify for drug discounts under the federal 340B Program and granted a permanent injunction against the payment reduction. OnJuly 31, 2020 , theU.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit reversed the District Court and held that HHS's decision to lower drug reimbursement rates for 340B hospitals rests on a reasonable interpretation of the Medicare statute. No further legal challenges are available to the plaintiffs and, as a result, we recognized$8 million of revenues during 2020 that were previously reserved in a prior year. These payment reductions are being challenged before theU.S. Supreme Court , which heard the oral arguments inAmerican Hospital Association v. Becerra onNovember 30, 2021 . The final result of such lawsuit cannot be predicted. OnNovember 2, 2021 , CMS issued its OPPS final rule for 2022. The hospital market basket increase is 2.7% and the productivity adjustment reduction is -0.7% for a net market basket increase of 2.0%. When other statutorily required adjustments and hospital patient service mix are considered, we estimate that our overall Medicare OPPS update for 2022 will aggregate to a net increase of 2.4% which includes a 3.0% increase to behavioral health division partial hospitalization rates. In December, 2020, CMS published its OPPS final rule for 2021. The hospital market basket increase is 2.4% and there is no productivity adjustment reduction to the 2021 OPPS market basket. When other statutorily required adjustments and hospital patient service mix are considered, we estimate that our overall Medicare OPPS update for 2021 will aggregate to a net increase of 3.3% which includes a 9.2% increase to behavioral health division partial hospitalization rates. In November, 2019, CMS published its OPPS final rule for 2020. The hospital market basket increase is 3.0%. The Medicare statute requires a productivity adjustment reduction of 0.4% to the 2020 OPPS market basket resulting in a 2020 update to OPPS payment rates by 2.6%. When other statutorily required adjustments and hospital patient service mix are considered, we estimate that our overall Medicare OPPS update for 2020 will aggregate to a net increase of 2.7% which includes a 7.7% increase to behavioral health division partial hospitalization rates. When the behavioral health division's partial hospitalization rate impact is excluded, we estimate that our Medicare 2020 OPPS payments will result in a 1.9% increase in payment levels for our acute care division, as compared to 2019. For CY 2020, CMS will use the FY 2020 hospital IPPS post-reclassified wage index for urban and rural areas as 57
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the wage index for the OPPS to determine the wage adjustments for both the OPPS payment rate and the copayment standardized amount.
In November, 2019, CMS finalized its Hospital Price Transparency rule that implements certain requirements under theJune 24, 2019 Presidential Executive Order related to Improving Price and Quality Transparency inAmerican Healthcare to Put Patients First. Under this final rule, effectiveJanuary 1, 2021 , CMS will require: (1) hospitals make public their standard changes (both gross charges and payer-specific negotiated charges) for all items and services online in a machine-readable format, and; (2) hospitals to make public standard charge data for a limited set of "shoppable services" the hospital provides in a form and manner that is more consumer friendly. OnNovember 2, 2021 , CMS released a final rule increasing the monetary penalty that CMS can impose on hospitals that fail to comply with the price transparency requirements. We believe that our hospitals are in full compliance with the applicable federal regulations. Medicaid: Medicaid is a joint federal-state funded health care benefit program that is administered by the states to provide benefits to qualifying individuals. Most state Medicaid payments are made under a PPS-like system, or under programs that negotiate payment levels with individual hospitals. Amounts received under the Medicaid program are generally significantly less than a hospital's customary charges for services provided. In addition to revenues received pursuant to the Medicare program, we receive a large portion of our revenues either directly from Medicaid programs or from managed care companies managing Medicaid. All of our acute care hospitals and most of our behavioral health centers are certified as providers of Medicaid services by the appropriate governmental authorities. We receive revenues from various state and county-based programs, including Medicaid in all the states in which we operate. We receive annual Medicaid revenues of approximately$100 million , or greater, from each ofTexas ,California ,Nevada ,Illinois ,Pennsylvania ,Washington, D.C. ,Kentucky ,Florida andMassachusetts . We also receive Medicaid disproportionate share hospital payments in certain states includingTexas andSouth Carolina . We are therefore particularly sensitive to potential reductions in Medicaid and other state-based revenue programs as well as regulatory, economic, environmental and competitive changes in those states. We can provide no assurance that reductions to revenues earned pursuant to these programs, particularly in the above-mentioned states, will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations. The Legislation substantially increases the federally and state-funded Medicaid insurance program, and authorizes states to establish federally subsidized non-Medicaid health plans for low-income residents not eligible for Medicaid starting in 2014. However, theSupreme Court has struck down portions of the Legislation requiring states to expand their Medicaid programs in exchange for increased federal funding. Accordingly, many states in which we operate have not expanded Medicaid coverage to individuals at 133% of the federal poverty level. Facilities in states not opting to expand Medicaid coverage under the Legislation may be additionally penalized by corresponding reductions to Medicaid disproportionate share hospital payments beginning in 2020, as discussed below. We can provide no assurance that further reductions to Medicaid revenues, particularly in the above-mentioned states, will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations. OnNovember 12, 2019 , CMS issued the proposed Medicaid Fiscal Accountability Rule ("MFAR") which CMS believed would strengthen the fiscal integrity of the Medicaid program and help ensure that state supplemental payments and financing arrangements are transparent and value-driven. In January, 2021, CMS issued a formal notice of withdrawal of this proposed rule. In January, 2020, CMS announced a new opportunity to support states with greater flexibility to improve the health of their Medicaid populations. The new 1115 Waiver Block Grant Type Demonstration program, titled Healthy Adult Opportunity ("HAO"), emphasizes the concept of value-based care while granting states extensive flexibility to administer and design their programs within a defined budget. CMS believes this state opportunity will enhance the Medicaid program's integrity through its focus on accountability for results and quality improvement, making the Medicaid program stronger for states and beneficiaries. The Biden administration has signaled its intent to withdraw the HAO demonstration. Accordingly, we are unable to predict whether the HAO demonstration will impact our future results of operations.
Various State Medicaid Supplemental Payment Programs:
We incur health-care related taxes ("Provider Taxes") imposed by states in the
form of a licensing fee, assessment or other mandatory payment which are related
to: (i) healthcare items or services; (ii) the provision of, or the authority to
provide, the health care items or services, or; (iii) the payment for the health
care items or services. Such Provider Taxes are subject to various federal
regulations that limit the scope and amount of the taxes that can be levied by
states in order to secure federal matching funds as part of their respective
state Medicaid programs. As outlined below, we derive a related Medicaid
reimbursement benefit from assessed Provider Taxes in the form of Medicaid
claims based payment increases and/or lump sum Medicaid supplemental payments.
Included in these Provider Tax programs are reimbursements received in connection with the Texas Uncompensated Care/Upper Payment Limit program ("UC/UPL") and Texas Delivery System Reform Incentive Payments program ("DSRIP"). Additional disclosure related to the Texas UC/UPL and DSRIP programs is provided below.
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Texas Uncompensated Care/Upper Payment Limit Payments: Certain of our acute care hospitals located in various counties ofTexas (Grayson ,Hidalgo ,Maverick ,Potter andWebb ) participate in Medicaid supplemental payment Section 1115 Waiver indigent care programs. Section 1115 Waiver Uncompensated Care ("UC") payments replace the former Upper Payment Limit ("UPL") payments. These hospitals also have affiliation agreements with third-party hospitals to provide free hospital and physician care to qualifying indigent residents of these counties. Our hospitals receive both supplemental payments from the Medicaid program and indigent care payments from third-party, affiliated hospitals. The supplemental payments are contingent on the county or hospital district making an Inter-Governmental Transfer ("IGT") to the state Medicaid program while the indigent care payment is contingent on a transfer of funds from the applicable affiliated hospitals. However, the county or hospital district is prohibited from entering into an agreement to condition any IGT on the amount of any private hospital's indigent care obligation. OnDecember 21, 2017 , CMS approved the 1115 Waiver for the periodJanuary 1, 2018 toSeptember 30, 2022 . The Waiver continued to include UC and DSRIP payment pools with modifications and new state specific reporting deadlines that if not met by THHSC will result in material decreases in the size of the UC and DSRIP pools. For UC during the initial two years of this renewal, the UC program will remain relatively the same in size and allocation methodology. For year three of this waiver renewal, the federal fiscal year ("FFY") 2020, and through FFY 2022, the size and distribution of the UC pool will be determined based on charity care costs reported to HHSC in accordance with Medicare cost report Worksheet S-10 principles. InSeptember 2019 , CMS approved the annual UC pool size in the amount of$3.9 billion for demonstration years ("DYs") 9, 10 and 11 (October 1, 2019 toSeptember 30, 2022 ). OnApril 16, 2021 , CMS rescinded itsJanuary 15, 2021 , 1115 Waiver ten year expedited renewal approval that was effective throughSeptember 30, 2030 . In July, 2021, HHSC submitted another 1115 Waiver renewal application to CMS which reflects the same terms and conditions agreed to by CMS onJanuary 15, 2021 , in order to receive an extension beyondSeptember 30, 2022 . EffectiveApril 1, 2018 , certain of our acute care hospitals located inTexas began to receive Medicaid managed care rate enhancements under the Uniform Hospital Rate Increase Program ("UHRIP"). The non-federal share component of these UHRIP rate enhancements are financed by Provider Taxes. TheTexas 1115 Waiver rules require UHRIP rate enhancements be considered in the Texas UC payment methodology which results in a reduction to our UC payments. The UC amounts reported in the State Medicaid Supplemental Payment Program Table below reflect the impact of this new UHRIP program. InJuly 2020 , THHSC announced CMS approval of an increase to UHRIP pool for the state's 2021 fiscal year to$2.7 billion from its prior funding level of$1.6 billion . OnMarch 26, 2021 , HHSC published a final rule that will apply to program periods on or afterSeptember 1, 2021 , and UHRIP will be re-named the Comprehensive Hospital Increase Reimbursement Program ("CHIRP"). CHIRP will be comprised of a UHRIP component and an Average Commercial Incentive Award ("ACIA") component. HHSC has proposed a pool size of$5.0 billion subject to CMS approval. We are not able to estimate the financial impact of the program change if CMS approval occurs. Although we believe that CMS will ultimately approve the UHRIP program for the 2022 fiscal year, CMS approval has not yet occurred. As a result, our results of operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2021 exclude approximately$12 million of estimated UHRIP net revenues attributable to the periodSeptember 1, 2021 throughDecember 31, 2021 . OnJanuary 11, 2021 , HHSC announced that CMS approved the pre-print modification that HHSC submitted for UHRIP periodMarch 1, 2021 throughAugust 31, 2021 . CMS approved rate changes that will now increase rates for private Institutions of Mental Disease ("IMD") for services provided to patients under age 21 or patients 65 years of age or older. The impact of this program is included in the Medicaid Supplemental Payment Programs table below. OnSeptember 24, 2021 , HHSC finalized New Fee-for-Service Supplemental Payment Program: Hospital Augmented Reimbursement Program ("HARP") to be effectiveOctober 1, 2021 . The HARP program continues the financial transition for providerswho have historically participated in the Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment program described below. The program will provide additional funding to hospitals to help offset the cost hospitals incur while providing Medicaid services. HHSC financial model released concurrent with the publication of the final rule indicates net potential incremental Medicaid reimbursements to us of approximately$15 million annually, without consideration of any potential adverse impact on future Medicaid DSH or Medicaid UC payments. This program is subject to CMS approval.
Texas Delivery System Reform Incentive Payments:
In addition, the Texas Medicaid Section 1115 Waiver includes a DSRIP pool to
incentivize hospitals and other providers to transform their service delivery
practices to improve quality, health status, patient experience, coordination,
and cost-effectiveness. DSRIP pool payments are incentive payments to hospitals
and other providers that develop programs or strategies to enhance access to
health care, increase the quality of care, the cost-effectiveness of care
provided and the health of the patients and families served. In May, 2014, CMS
formally approved specific DSRIP projects for certain of our hospitals for
demonstration years 3 to 5 (our facilities did not materially participate in the
DSRIP pool during demonstration years 1 or 2). DSRIP payments are contingent on
the hospital meeting certain pre-determined milestones, metrics and clinical
outcomes. Additionally, DSRIP payments are contingent on a governmental entity
providing an IGT for the non-federal share component of the DSRIP payment. THHSC
generally approves DSRIP reported metrics, milestones and clinical outcomes on a
semi-annual basis in June and December. Under the CMS approval noted above, the
Waiver renewal requires the transition of the DSRIP program to one focused on
"health system performance
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measurement and improvement." THHSC must submit a transition plan describing "how it will further develop its delivery system reforms without DSRIP funding and/or phase out DSRIP funded activities and meet mutually agreeable milestones to demonstrate its ongoing progress." The size of the DSRIP pool will remain unchanged for the initial two years of the waiver renewal with unspecified decreases in years three and four of the renewal, FFY 2020 and 2021, respectively. In FFY 2022, DSRIP funding under the waiver is eliminated. In connection with this DSRIP program, included in our results of operations was an aggregate of approximately$34 million in 2021 and$23 million in each of 2020 and 2019. For FFY 2022, we will no longer receive DSRIP funds due to the elimination of this funding source by CMS in the Waiver renewals except for certain carryover DSRIP projects for which achievement of the required metrics will not be known until later in state fiscal year 2022. In March, 2020, HHSC submitted a DSRIP Transition Plan to CMS as required by the 1115 Waiver Special Terms and Conditions #37 that outlines a transition from the current DSRIP program to a Value-Based Purchasing ("VBP") type payment model. As noted above, HHSC finalized a rule to make changes to existing UHRIP program. This rule change reflects HHSC's effort to comply with federal regulations that require directed-payment programs to advance goals included in the state's Medicaid managed care quality strategy and to align with the ongoing efforts to transition from the Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment program. We are unable to estimate the financial impact of this payment change.
Summary of Amounts Related To The Above-Mentioned Various State Medicaid Supplemental Payment Programs:
The following table summarizes the revenues, Provider Taxes and net benefit related to each of the above-mentioned Medicaid supplemental programs for the years endedDecember 31, 2021 and 2020. The Provider Taxes are recorded in other operating expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as included herein. (amounts in millions) 2021 2020 Texas UC/UPL: Revenues$ 120 $ 119 Provider Taxes (35 ) (37 ) Net benefit$ 85 $ 82 Texas DSRIP: Revenues$ 49 $ 33 Provider Taxes (16 ) (10 ) Net benefit$ 33 $ 23 Various other state programs: Revenues$ 472 $ 336 Provider Taxes (160 ) (138 ) Net benefit$ 312 $ 198 Total all Provider Tax programs: Revenues$ 641 $ 488 Provider Taxes (211 ) (185 ) Net benefit$ 430 $ 303 We estimate that our aggregate net benefit from theTexas and various other state Medicaid supplemental payment programs will approximate$391 million (net of Provider Taxes of$257 million ) during the year endingDecember 31, 2022 . These amounts are based upon various terms and conditions that are out of our control including, but not limited to, the states'/CMS's continued approval of the programs and the applicable hospital district or county making IGTs consistent with 2021 levels. The decrease in the projected aggregate net benefit from these programs for 2022, as compared to 2021, relates primarily to a$39 million projected net decrease in reimbursements from the Kentucky Hospital Rate Increase Program, as discussed below, since the$97 million net benefit realized from this program during 2021 was applicable to the eighteen-month period ofJuly 1, 2020 throughDecember 31, 2021 . Future changes to these terms and conditions could materially reduce our net benefit derived from the programs which could have a material adverse impact on our future consolidated results of operations. In addition, Provider Taxes are governed by both federal and state laws and are subject to future legislative changes that, if reduced from current rates in several states, could have a material adverse impact on our future consolidated results of operations. As described below in 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Medicare and Medicaid Payment Related Legislation, a 6.2% increase to the Medicaid Federal Matching Assistance Percentage ("FMAP") is included in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act. The impact of the enhanced FMAP Medicaid supplemental and DSH payments are reflected in our financial results for the years endedDecember 31, 2021 and 2020. We are unable to estimate the prospective financial impact of this provision at this time as our financial impact is contingent on unknown state action during future eligible federal fiscal quarters. 60
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Hospitals that have an unusually large number of low-income patients (i.e., those with a Medicaid utilization rate of at least one standard deviation above the mean Medicaid utilization, or having a low income patient utilization rate exceeding 25%) are eligible to receive a DSH adjustment.Congress established a national limit on DSH adjustments. Although this legislation and the resulting state broad-based provider taxes have affected the payments we receive under the Medicaid program, to date the net impact has not been materially adverse. Upon meeting certain conditions and serving a disproportionately high share ofTexas' andSouth Carolina's low income patients, five of our facilities located inTexas and one facility located inSouth Carolina received additional reimbursement from each state's DSH fund. TheSouth Carolina and Texas DSH programs were renewed for each state's 2022 DSH fiscal year (covering the period ofOctober 1, 2021 throughSeptember 30, 2022 ). In connection with these DSH programs, included in our financial results was an aggregate of approximately$51 million during 2021 and$48 million during 2020. We expect the aggregate reimbursements to our hospitals pursuant to theTexas andSouth Carolina 2022 fiscal year programs to be approximately$48 million . The Legislation and subsequent federal legislation provides for a significant reduction in Medicaid disproportionate share payments beginning in federal fiscal year 2024 (see above in Sources of Revenues and Health Care Reform-Medicaid Revisions for additional disclosure related to the delay of these DSH reductions). HHS is to determine the amount of Medicaid DSH payment cuts imposed on each state based on a defined methodology. As Medicaid DSH payments to states will be cut, consequently, payments to Medicaid-participating providers, including our hospitals inTexas andSouth Carolina , will be reduced in the coming years. Based on the CMS final rule published in September, 2019, beginning in fiscal year 2024 (as amended by the CARES Act and the CAA), annual Medicaid DSH payments inSouth Carolina andTexas could be reduced by approximately 74% and 44%, respectively, from 2020 DSH payment levels. Our behavioral health care facilities inTexas have been receiving Medicaid DSH payments since FFY 2016. As with all Medicaid DSH payments, hospitals are subject to state audits that typically occur up to three years after their receipt. DSH payments are subject to a federal Hospital Specific Limit ("HSL") and are not fully known until the DSH audit results are concluded. In general, freestanding psychiatric hospitals tend to provide significantly less charity care than acute care hospitals and therefore are at more risk for retroactive recoupment of prior year DSH payments in excess of their respective HSL. In light of the retroactive HSL audit risk for freestanding psychiatric hospitals, we have established DSH reserves for our facilities that have been receiving funds since FFY 2016. These DSH reserves are also impacted by the resolution of federal DSH litigation related toChildren's Hospital Association of Texas v. Azar ("CHAT"), No. 17-cv-844 (D.D.C.March 2, 2018 ), appeal docketed, No. 18-5135 (D.C. Cir.May 9, 2018 ) where the calculation of HSL was being challenged. In August, 2019,DC Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous decision in CHAT and reversed the judgment of the district court in favor of CMS and ordered that CMS's "2017 Rule" (regarding Medicaid DSH Payments-Treatment of Third Party Payers in Calculating Uncompensated Care Costs) be reinstated. CMS has not issued any additional guidance post the ruling. InApril 2020 , the plaintiffs in the case have petitioned theSupreme Court of the United States to hear their case. Additionally, there have been separate legal challenges on this same issue in the Fifth and Eight Circuits. OnNovember 4, 2019 , theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit issued an opinion upholding the 2017 Rule. Missouri Hosp. Ass'n v. Azar, No. 18-1778 (8th Cir.Nov. 4, 2019 ) (i.e. reversing a district court order enjoining the 2017 rule). OnApril 20, 2020 , theUnited States Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit issued a decision also upholding the 2017 Rule.Baptist Memorial Hospital v. Azar, No. 18-60592 (5th Cir.April 20, 2020 ). In light of these court decisions, we continue to maintain reserves in the financial statements for cumulative Medicaid DSH and UC reimbursements related to our behavioral health hospitals located inTexas that amounted to$40 million and$35 million as ofDecember 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Nevada SPA:
InNevada , CMS approved a state plan amendment ("SPA") in August, 2014 that implemented a hospital supplemental payment program retroactive toJanuary 1, 2014 . This SPA has been approved for additional state fiscal years including the 2022 fiscal year covering the period ofJuly 1, 2021 throughJune 30, 2022 . In connection with this program, included in our financial results was approximately$23 million during 2021 and$25 million during 2020. We estimate that our reimbursements pursuant to this program will approximate$21 million during the year endedDecember 31, 2022 .
California SPA:
InCalifornia , CMS issued formal approval of the 2017-19 Hospital Fee Program in December, 2017 retroactive toJanuary 1, 2017 throughSeptember 30, 2019 . In September, 2019, the state submitted a request to renew the Hospital Fee Program for the periodJuly 1, 2019 toDecember 31, 2021 . OnFebruary 25, 2020 , CMS approved this renewed program. These approvals include the Medicaid inpatient and outpatient fee-for-service supplemental payments and the overall provider tax structure but did not yet include the approval of the managed care rate setting payment component for certain rate periods (see table below). The managed care payment component consists of two categories of payments, "pass-through" payments and "directed" payments. The pass-through 61
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payments are similar in nature to the prior Hospital Fee Program payment method whereas the directed payment method will be based on actual concurrent hospital Medicaid managed care in-network patient volume.
California Hospital Fee Program CMS Approval Status:
Hospital Fee Program CMS Methodology CMS Rate Setting Approval
Component Approval Status Status
Fee For Service Approved through Approved through December
Payment December 31, 2021 31, 2021; Paid through
June 30, 2021
Managed Approved through Approved through June 30,
Care-Pass-Through December 31, 2021 2017; Paid in advance of
Payment approval through December
31, 2020
Managed Care-Directed Approved through Approved through June 30,
Payment December 31, 2020 2017; Paid in advance of
approval through December
31, 2019
In connection with the existing program, included in our financial results was
approximately $46 million during 2021 and $63 million during 2020 ($17 million
of which related to prior years). We estimate that our reimbursements pursuant
to this program will approximate $50 million during the year ended December 31,
2022 . The aggregate impact of the California supplemental payment program, as
outlined above, is included in the above State Medicaid Supplemental Payment
Program table.
In April, 2020, the California Department of Health Care Services ("DHCS")
notified hospital providers that participate in the Medicaid managed care
directed payment program that DHCS would recalculate directed payments for the
period of July 1, 2017 through September 30, 2018 ("SFY 2018") to remedy an
identified data error. In August, 2020, as a follow-up to that notification,
DHCS issued its corrected directed payment calculations. The updated calculation
resulted in a favorable adjustment to the above program year and also resulted
in increased expected supplemental payment amount for program years subsequent
to the recalculated SFY 2018 rate period. The California Hospital Fee amounts
noted above include our portion of the state corrected data.
Kentucky Hospital Rate Increase Program ("HRIP"):
In early 2021, CMS approved the Kentucky Medicaid Managed Care Hospital Rate
Increase Program ("HRIP") for SFY 2021, which covered the period of July 1, 2020
through June 30, 2021 . In December 2021 , CMS approved the HRIP program period
for the period July 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021 . Included in our financial
results for the year ended December 31, 2021 was approximately $97 million of
HRIP reimbursement covering the eighteen-month period of July 1, 2020 through
December 31, 2021 .
Programs such as HRIP require an annual state submission and approval by CMS. In
December, 2021, CMS approved the program for the period of January 1, 2022
through December 31, 2022 at rates similar to the prior year. We estimate that
our reimbursements pursuant to HRIP will approximate $58 million during the year
ended December 31, 2022 .
Florida Medicaid Managed Care Directed Payment Program ("DPP"):
During the fourth quarter of 2021, we recorded approximately$23 million of increased reimbursement resulting from the Medicaid managed care directed payment program for the 2021 rate period (covering the period ofOctober 1, 2020 toSeptember 30, 2021 ). Various DPP related legislative and regulatory approvals result in the retroactive payment of the increased reimbursement after the applicable rate year has ended. The payment methodology and amount of the 2022 DPP (covering the period ofOctober 1, 2021 toSeptember 30, 2022 ) is expected to be comparable to the 2021 DPP. As a result, if CMS and other legislative and regulatory approvals occur in connection with the 2022 DPP, we estimate that our reimbursements pursuant to the 2022 DPP will approximate$21 million during the year endedDecember 31, 2022 . Additional Medicaid managed regions in the state may participate in the program during the 2022 DPP year which, if implemented, would increase our reimbursements received pursuant to the 2022 DPP.
Risk Factors Related To State Supplemental Medicaid Payments:
As outlined above, we receive substantial reimbursement from multiple states in connection with various supplemental Medicaid payment programs. The states include, but are not limited to,Texas ,Mississippi ,Illinois ,Nevada ,Arkansas ,California andIndiana . Failure to renew these programs beyond their scheduled termination dates, failure of the public hospitals to provide the necessary IGTs for the states' share of the DSH programs, failure of our hospitals that currently receive supplemental Medicaid revenues to qualify for future funds under these programs, or reductions in reimbursements, could have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations. In April, 2016, CMS published its final Medicaid Managed Care Rule which explicitly permits but phases out the use of pass-through payments (including supplemental payments) by Medicaid Managed Care Organizations ("MCO") to hospitals over ten years but allows for a transition of the pass-through payments into value-based payment structures, delivery system reform initiatives or payments tied to services under a MCO contract. Since we are unable to determine the financial impact of this aspect of the final rule, we can provide no assurance that the final rule will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations. In 62
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November, 2020, CMS issued a final rule permitting pass-through supplemental provider payments during a time-limited period when states transition populations or services from fee-for-service Medicaid to managed care.
HITECH Act: InJuly 2010 , theDepartment of Health and Human Services ("HHS") published final regulations implementing the health information technology ("HIT") provisions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (referred to as the "HITECH Act"). The final regulation defines the "meaningful use" of Electronic Health Records ("EHR") and establishes the requirements for the Medicare and Medicaid EHR payment incentive programs. The final rule established an initial set of standards and certification criteria. The implementation period for these Medicare and Medicaid incentive payments started in federal fiscal year 2011 and can end as late as 2016 for Medicare and 2021 for the state Medicaid programs. State Medicaid program participation in this federally funded incentive program is voluntary but all of the states in which our eligible hospitals operate have chosen to participate. Our acute care hospitals qualified for these EHR incentive payments upon implementation of the EHR application assuming they meet the "meaningful use" criteria. The government's ultimate goal is to promote more effective (quality) and efficient healthcare delivery through the use of technology to reduce the total cost of healthcare for all Americans and utilizing the cost savings to expand access to the healthcare system. All of our acute care hospitals have met the applicable meaningful use criteria. However, under the HITECH Act, hospitals must continue to meet the applicable meaningful use criteria in each fiscal year or they will be subject to a market basket update reduction in a subsequent fiscal year. Failure of our acute care hospitals to continue to meet the applicable meaningful use criteria would have an adverse effect on our future net revenues and results of operations. In the 2019 IPPS final rule, CMS overhauled the Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Program to focus on interoperability, improve flexibility, relieve burden and place emphasis on measures that require the electronic exchange of health information between providers and patients. We can provide no assurance that the changes will not have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations. Managed Care: A significant portion of our net patient revenues are generated from managed care companies, which include health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations and managed Medicare (referred to as Medicare Part C or Medicare Advantage) and Medicaid programs. In general, we expect the percentage of our business from managed care programs to continue to grow. The consequent growth in managed care networks and the resulting impact of these networks on the operating results of our facilities vary among the markets in which we operate. Typically, we receive lower payments per patient from managed care payers than we do from traditional indemnity insurers, however, during the past few years we have secured price increases from many of our commercial payers including managed care companies.Commercial Insurance : Our hospitals also provide services to individuals covered by private health care insurance. Private insurance carriers typically make direct payments to hospitals or, in some cases, reimburse their policy holders, based upon the particular hospital's established charges and the particular coverage provided in the insurance policy. Private insurance reimbursement varies among payers and states and is generally based on contracts negotiated between the hospital and the payer. Commercial insurers are continuing efforts to limit the payments for hospital services by adopting discounted payment mechanisms, including predetermined payment or DRG-based payment systems, for more inpatient and outpatient services. To the extent that such efforts are successful and reduce the insurers' reimbursement to hospitals and the costs of providing services to their beneficiaries, such reduced levels of reimbursement may have a negative impact on the operating results of our hospitals. Surprise Billing Interim Final Rule: OnSeptember 30, 2021 , theDepartment of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), theDepartment of Labor , and theDepartment of the Treasury (collectively, the Departments), along with theOffice of Personnel Management ("OPM"), released an interim final rule with comment period, entitled "Requirements Related to Surprise Billing; Part II." This rule is related to Title I (the No Surprises Act) of Division BB of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, and establishes new protections from surprise billing and excessive cost sharing for consumers receiving health care items/services. It implements additional protections against surprise medical bills under the No Surprises Act, including provisions related to the independent dispute resolution process, good faith estimates for uninsured (or self-pay) individuals, the patient-provider dispute resolution process, and expanded rights to external review. We do not expect this interim final rule to have a material impact on our results of operations. Other Sources: Our hospitals provide services to individuals that do not have any form of health care coverage. Such patients are evaluated, at the time of service or shortly thereafter, for their ability to pay based upon federal and state poverty guidelines, qualifications for Medicaid or other state assistance programs, as well as our local hospitals' indigent and charity care policy. Patients without health care coveragewho do not qualify for Medicaid or indigent care write-offs are offered substantial discounts in an effort to settle their outstanding account balances. Health Care Reform: Listed below are the Medicare, Medicaid and other health care industry changes which have been, or are scheduled to be, implemented as a result of the Legislation. 63
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Implemented Medicare Reductions and Reforms:
• The Legislation reduced the market basket update for inpatient and outpatient
hospitals and inpatient behavioral health facilities by 0.25% in each of 2010 and
2011, by 0.10% in each of 2012 and 2013, 0.30% in 2014, 0.20% in each of 2015 and
2016 and 0.75% in each of 2017, 2018 and 2019.
• The Legislation implemented certain reforms to Medicare Advantage payments,
effective in 2011.
• A Medicare shared savings program, effective in 2012.
• A hospital readmissions reduction program, effective in 2012.
• A value-based purchasing program for hospitals, effective in 2012.
• A national pilot program on payment bundling, effective in 2013.• Reduction to Medicare DSH payments, effective in 2014, as discussed above.
Medicaid Revisions:
• Expanded Medicaid eligibility and related special federal payments,
effective in 2014.
• The Legislation (as amended by subsequent federal legislation) requires annual
aggregate reductions in federal DSH funding from FFY 2024 through FFY 2027.
Medicaid DSH reductions have been delayed several times. Commencing in federal
fiscal year 2024, and continuing through 2027, DSH payments will be reduced by
$8 billion annually. Health Insurance Revisions:
• Large employer insurance reforms, effective in 2015.
• Individual insurance mandate and related federal subsidies, effective in 2014.
As noted above in Health Care Reform, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted into
law in December, 2017 eliminated the individual insurance federal mandate
penalty beginning
• Federally mandated insurance coverage reforms, effective in 2010 and forward.
The Legislation seeks to increase competition among private health insurers by providing for transparent federal and state insurance exchanges. The Legislation also prohibits private insurers from adjusting insurance premiums based on health status, gender, or other specified factors. We cannot provide assurance that these provisions will not adversely affect the ability of private insurers to pay for services provided to insured patients, or that these changes will not have a negative material impact on our results of operations going forward.
Value-Based Purchasing:
There is a trend in the healthcare industry toward value-based purchasing of healthcare services. These value-based purchasing programs include both public reporting of quality data and preventable adverse events tied to the quality and efficiency of care provided by facilities. Governmental programs including Medicare and Medicaid currently require hospitals to report certain quality data to receive full reimbursement updates. In addition, Medicare does not reimburse for care related to certain preventable adverse events. Many large commercial payers currently require hospitals to report quality data, and several commercial payers do not reimburse hospitals for certain preventable adverse events. The Legislation required HHS to implement a value-based purchasing program for inpatient hospital services which became effective onOctober 1, 2012 . The Legislation requires HHS to reduce inpatient hospital payments for all discharges by 2% in FFY 2017 and subsequent years. HHS will pool the amount collected from these reductions to fund payments to reward hospitals that meet or exceed certain quality performance standards established by HHS. HHS will determine the amount each hospital that meets or exceeds the quality performance standards will receive from the pool of dollars created by these payment reductions. As part of the FFY 2022 IPPS final rule described above, and as a result of the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, CMS has implemented a budget neutral payment policy to fully offset the 2% VBP withhold during FFY 2022.
Hospital Acquired Conditions:
The Legislation prohibits the use of federal funds under the Medicaid program to
reimburse providers for medical assistance provided to treat hospital acquired
conditions ("HAC"). Beginning in FFY 2015, hospitals that fall into the top 25%
of national risk-adjusted HAC rates for all hospitals in the previous year will
receive a 1% reduction in their total Medicare payments.
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Readmission Reduction Program:
In the Legislation,Congress also mandated implementation of the hospital readmission reduction program ("HRRP"). Hospitals with excessive readmissions for conditions designated by HHS will receive reduced payments for all inpatient discharges, not just discharges relating to the conditions subject to the excessive readmission standard. The HRRP currently assesses penalties on hospitals having excess readmission rates for heart failure, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) and/or total knee arthroplasty (TKA), excluding planned readmissions, when compared to expected rates. In the fiscal year 2015 IPPS final rule, CMS added readmissions for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgical procedures beginning in fiscal year 2017. To account for excess readmissions, an applicable hospital's base operating DRG payment amount is adjusted for each discharge occurring during the fiscal year. Readmissions payment adjustment factors can be no more than a 3 percent reduction.
Accountable Care Organizations:
The Legislation requires HHS to establish a Medicare Shared Savings Program that
promotes accountability and coordination of care through the creation of
accountable care organizations ("ACOs"). The ACO program allows providers
(including hospitals), physicians and other designated professionals and
suppliers to voluntarily work together to invest in infrastructure and redesign
delivery processes to achieve high quality and efficient delivery of services.
The program is intended to produce savings as a result of improved quality and
operational efficiency. ACOs that achieve quality performance standards
established by HHS will be eligible to share in a portion of the amounts saved
by the Medicare program. CMS is also developing and implementing more advanced
ACO payment models, such as the Next Generation ACO Model, which require ACOs to
assume greater risk for attributed beneficiaries. On December 21, 2018 , CMS
published a final rule that, in general, requires ACO participants to take on
additional risk associated with participation in the program. On April 30, 2020 ,
CMS issued an interim final rule with comment in response to the COVID-19
national emergency permitting ACOs with current agreement periods expiring on
December 31, 2020 the option to extend their existing agreement period by one
year, and permitting certain ACOs to retain their participation level through
2021. It remains unclear to what extent providers will pursue federal ACO status
or whether the required investment would be warranted by increased payment.
Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Advanced:
The Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation ("CMMI") implemented a new, second generation voluntary episode payment model, Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Advanced ("BPCI-Advanced" or the "Program"), with the first performance period beginningOctober 1, 2018 . BPCI-Advanced is designed to test a new iteration of bundled payments with an aim to align incentives among participating health care providers to reduce expenditures and improve quality of care for traditional Medicare beneficiaries. During the fourth quarter of 2020, CMS restructured the FY2021 to FY2023 program and required participants to select from eight Clinical Episode Service Line Groups instead of individual clinical episodes. CMS also announced that the now voluntary program would become mandatory in 2024.
For our hospitals that participated in the program, the CMS BPCI-A
reconciliation for the period
The ultimate success and financial impact of the BPCI-Advanced program is contingent on multiple variables so we are unable to estimate the future impact. However, given the breadth and scope of participation of our acute care hospitals in BPCI-Advanced, the impact could be significant (either favorably or unfavorably) depending on actual program results.
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Medicare and Medicaid Payment Related Legislation
In response to the growing threat of COVID-19, onMarch 13, 2020 a national emergency was declared. The declaration empowered the HHS Secretary to waive certain Medicare, Medicaid andChildren's Health Insurance Program ("CHIP") program requirements and Medicare conditions of participation under Section 1135 of the Social Security Act. Having been granted this authority by HHS, CMS issued a broad range of blanket waivers, which eased certain requirements for impacted providers, including:
• Waivers and Flexibilities for Hospitals and other Healthcare Facilities
including those for physical environment requirements and certain Emergency
Medical Treatment & Labor Act provisions
• Provider Enrollment Flexibilities
• Flexibility and Relief for State Medicaid Programs including those under
section 1135 Waivers
• Suspension of Certain Enforcement Activities
In addition to the national emergency declaration,
Some of the financial support included in the various legislative actions include:
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• Medicaid FMAP Enhancement
• The FMAP was increased by 6.2% retroactive to the federal fiscal
quarter beginning January 1, 2020 and each subsequent federal fiscal
quarter for all states and U.S. territories during the declared public
health emergency, in accordance with specified conditions.
• Public Health Emergency Declaration
• The HHS Secretary renewed the public health emergency ("PHE") effective
January 16, 2022 for ninety (90) days. As a result, states would be
eligible for the enhanced FMAP through the end of federal fiscal
quarter ending June 30, 2022 should the PHE not be rescinded by the
Secretary before the end of the ninety day period.
• Creation of a
("PHSSEF")
• Makes grants available to hospitals and other healthcare providers to
cover unreimbursed healthcare related expenses or lost revenues
attributable to the public health emergency resulting from the
coronavirus.
• During 2021, we received approximately $189 million in PHSSEF grants
from the federal government as provided for by the CARES Act. As
previously disclosed, we returned these funds to HHS during the second
quarter of 2021. Since our intent was to return these funds, our
financial results for the year ended December 31, 2021 include no
impact from the receipt of these federal funds. In connectionwith this
PHSSEF program, as well as other various state and local governmental
stimulus programs, included in financial results were reimbursements of
approximately $20 million recorded during 2021 and $413 million
recorded during 2020.
• During the year ended
million of funds from various governmental stimulus programs, most
notably the PHSSEF as provided for by the CARES Act. As mentioned
above, included financial results for the year ended December 31, 2020
was approximately $413 million of revenues recognized in connection
with funds received from these federal, state and local governmental
stimulus programs.
• All PHSSEF receipts are subject to meeting the applicable the terms and conditions of
the various distribution programs as of September 30, 2021 . The Consolidated
Appropriations Act, 2021 (H.R. 133) enacted on December 27 , 2020 includes language that
provides specific instructions on: (1) the redistribution of PHSSEF grant payments by a
parent company among its subsidiaries, and; (2) the calculation of lost revenue in a
PHSSEF grant entitlement determination. The HHS terms and conditions for all grant
recipients and specific fund distributions are located at
https://www.hhs.gov/coronavirus/cares-act-provider-relief-fund/for-providers/index.html
• Reimburse hospitals at Medicare rates for uncompensated COVID-19 care for
the uninsured
• Our financial results for the years ended
include approximately $71 million and $29 million , respectively, of
revenues recorded in connection with this COVID-19 uninsured
program. Revenue for the eligible patient encounters is recorded in the
period in which the encounter is deemed eligible for this program net
of any normal accounting reserves.
• Medicare Sequestration Relief
• Suspension of the 2% Medicare sequestration offset for Medicare
services provided from May 1, 2020 through December 31, 2021 by various
legislative extensions. In December, 2021, the suspended 2% payment
reduction was extended until March 31, 2022 and partially suspended at
a 1% payment reduction for an additional three-month period that ends
on June 30, 2022 .
• Our financial results for the years ended
include approximately $45 million and $30 million , respectively, of
revenues recorded in connection with this Medicare sequestration relief
program.
• Medicare add-on for inpatient hospital COVID-19 patients
• Increases the payment that would otherwise be made to a hospital for
treating a Medicare patient admitted with COVID-19 by twenty percent
(20%) for the duration of the COVID-19 public health emergency.
• Our financial results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
include approximately $34 million and $32 million , respectively, of
revenues recorded in connection with this COVID-19 Medicare add-on
program. These payments were intended to offset the increased expenses
associated with the treatment of Medicare COVID-19 patients.
• Expansion of the Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment Program ("MAAPP")
• In March, 2021, we fully repaid the $695 million of Medicare
Accelerated payments received during 2020.
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In addition to statutory and regulatory changes to the Medicare program and each of the state Medicaid programs, our operations and reimbursement may be affected by administrative rulings, new or novel interpretations and determinations of existing laws and regulations, post-payment audits, requirements for utilization review and new governmental funding restrictions, all of which may materially increase or decrease program payments as well as affect the cost of providing services and the timing of payments to our facilities. The final determination of amounts we receive under the Medicare and Medicaid programs often takes many years, because of audits by the program representatives, providers' rights of appeal and the application of numerous technical reimbursement provisions. We believe that we have made adequate provisions for such potential adjustments. Nevertheless, until final adjustments are made, certain issues remain unresolved and previously determined allowances could become either inadequate or more than ultimately required. Finally, we expect continued third-party efforts to aggressively manage reimbursement levels and cost controls. Reductions in reimbursement amounts received from third-party payers could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and our results. Other Operating Results
Interest Expense
Reflected below are the components of our interest expense which amounted to
2021 2020
Revolving credit & demand notes (a.)$ 2,318 $ 2,248 $700 million , 4.75% Senior Notes due 2022 (b.) -
23,932
$400 million , 5.00% Senior Notes due 2026 (c.) 14,000
20,000
$800 million , 2.65% Senior Notes due 2030 (d.) 21,470
5,849
$700 million , 1.65% Senior Notes due 2026 (e.) 4,137
-
$500 million , 2.65% Senior Notes due 2032 (f.) 4,720 - Term loan facility A (a.) 26,408 38,467 Term loan facility B (a.) 5,941 11,892 Accounts receivable securitization program (g.) 787
3,752
Subtotal-revolving credit, demand notes, Senior Notes, term
loan facilities and accounts receivable securitization
program 79,781
106,140
Amortization of financing fees 4,310
4,938
Other combined interest expense 5,588
2,268
Capitalized interest on major projects (4,411 ) (4,257 ) Interest income (1,596 ) (2,804 ) Interest expense, net$ 83,672 $ 106,285
(a.) In August, 2021, we entered into a seventh amendment to our credit
agreement dated
amendment and restatement of the previously existing credit facility. In
September, 2021, we entered into an eighth amendment to our credit
agreement which modified the definition of "Adjusted LIBO Rate". The
seventh amendment, provided for, among other things, the following: (i) a
to mature in August, 2026, representing an increase of
the
outstanding as of
loan facility that is scheduled to mature in August, 2026, resulting in a
reduction of $150 million from the $1.85 billion of borrowings
outstanding under the previous tranche A term loan facility, and; (iii)
repayment of approximately $488 million of borrowings outstanding under
the previous tranche B term loan facility. The
of borrowings under the tranche A and tranche B term loan facilities in
connection with the seventh amendment (
respectively), were funded utilizing a portion of the proceeds generated
from the August, 2021 issuance of the $700 million , 1.65% Senior Notes
due in 2026, and the $500 million , 2.65%, Senior Notes due in 2032.
(b.) In September, 2020, we redeemed the entire
principal amount of our previously outstanding 4.75% Senior Secured Notes
that were scheduled to mature in 2022.
(c.) In September, 2021, we redeemed the entire $400 million aggregateprincipal amount of our previously outstanding 5.00% Senior Secured Notes
that were scheduled to mature in 2026 at a cash redemption price equal to
the sum of 102.50% of the aggregate principal amount. This redemption was
funded utilizing a portion of the proceeds generated from the August,
2021 issuance of the $700 million , 1.65% Senior Notes due in 2026, and
the $500 million , 2.65% Senior Notes due in 2032, as discussed in (e.)
and (f.) below.
(d.) In September, 2020, we completed the offering of
principal amount of 2.65% Senior Notes due in 2030.
(e.) In August, 2021, we completed the offering of
principal amount of 1.65% Senior Notes due in 2026.
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(f.) In August, 2021, we completed the offering of
principal amount of 2.65% Senior Notes due in 2032.
(g.) Our accounts receivable securitization program was amended in April, 2021
to reduce the borrowing commitment to
previously) and to extend the maturity date to
no outstanding borrowings as of
Interest expense decreased by$22 million during 2021 to$84 million as compared to$106 million during 2020. The decrease was primarily due to: (i) a net$26 million decrease in aggregate interest expense on our revolving credit, demand notes, senior notes, term loan facilities and accounts receivable securitization program resulting from a decrease in our aggregate average cost of borrowings pursuant to these facilities (2.1% during 2021 as compared to 2.8% during 2020), partially offset by a slight increase in the aggregate average outstanding borrowings ($3.72 billion during 2021 as compared to$3.70 billion during 2020), partially offset by; (ii) a net$4 million increase in other interest expenses. The average effective interest rate, including amortization of deferred financing costs, original issue discount and designated interest rate swap expense/income, on borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit, demand notes, senior notes, term loan A and B facilities and accounts receivable securitization program, which amounted to approximately$3.72 billion during 2021 and$3.70 billion during 2020, were 2.2% during 2021 and 3.0% during 2020.
Costs Related to Early Extinguishment of Debt
In connection with financing transactions completed during 2021 and 2020, our results of operations for each year include pre-tax charges of approximately$17 million in 2021 and$1 million in 2020, incurred for the costs related to the extinguishment of debt. These charges, which were included in other operating (income) expenses, net, consisted of the following: (i) during 2021, write-off of deferred charges (approximately$7 million ) as well as the make-whole premium paid on the early redemption of the$400 million , 5% senior notes (approximately$10 million ), and; (ii) during 2020, write-off of deferred charges ($3 million ), partially offset by the recording of the unamortized bond premium ($2 million ) related to the above-mentioned redemption (in September, 2020) of the$700 million aggregate principal amount of the 4.75% senior secured notes that were scheduled to mature in 2022.
Provision for Asset Impairment
In connection with the discontinuation of a certain module of a new clinical/financial information technology application under development, our financial results for the year endedDecember 31, 2021 include a pre-tax provision for asset impairment of approximately$14 million to write-off the applicable portion of the capitalized costs incurred and is included in other operating expenses on the accompanying consolidated statement of income.
Provision for Income Taxes and Effective Tax Rates
The effective tax rates, as calculated by dividing the provision for income
taxes by income before income taxes, were as follows for each of the years ended
2021 2020
Provision for income taxes $ 305,681 $ 299,293
Income before income taxes 1,293,313 1,252,083
Effective tax rate 23.6 % 23.9 %
The provision for income taxes increased $6 million during 2021, as compared to
2020, due primarily to: (i) the income tax provision recorded in connection with
the $54 million increase in pre-tax income, as discussed above in Results of
Operations, and; (ii) a $10 million decrease in the provision for income taxes
resulting from ASU 2016-09, which decreased our provision for income taxes by
approximately $2 million during 2021, as compared to an increase of
approximately $7 million during 2020.
Effects of Inflation and Seasonality
Seasonality -Our acute care services business is typically seasonal, with higher
patient volumes and net patient service revenue in the first and fourth quarters
of the year. This seasonality occurs because, generally, more people become ill
during the winter months, which results in significant increases in the number
of patients treated in our hospitals during those months.
Inflation - The healthcare industry is very labor intensive and salaries and
benefits are subject to inflationary pressures, as are supply costs,
construction costs and medical equipment and other costs. The nationwide
shortage of nurses and other clinical staff and support personnel has been a
significant operating issue facing us and other healthcare providers. In
particular, like others in the healthcare industry, we continue to experience a
shortage of nurses and other clinical staff and support personnel in certain
geographic areas, which has been exacerbated by the COVID19 pandemic. We are
treating patients with COVID19 in our facilities and, in some areas, the
increased demand for care is putting a strain on our resources and staff, which
has required us to utilize highercost temporary labor and pay premiums above
standard compensation for essential workers. The length and extent of the
disruptions caused by the COVID19 pandemic are currently unknown; however, we
expect such disruptions to continue into 2022 and potentially throughout the
duration of the pandemic and beyond. This staffing shortage may require us to
further enhance wages and benefits to recruit and retain nurses and other
clinical staff and support personnel or require us to hire expensive temporary
personnel. We have also experienced cost increases related to the procurement of
medical supplies and equipment as well as construction of new facilities
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and additional capacity added to existing facilities. Our ability to pass on increased costs associated with providing healthcare to Medicare and Medicaid patients is limited due to various federal, state and local laws which have been enacted that, in certain cases, limit our ability to increase prices.
Liquidity
Year ended
Net cash provided by operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was
• an unfavorable change of
return of the
repaid during the first quarter of 2021, as compared to a favorable change
of
of the Medicare accelerated payments;
• an unfavorable change of approximately
as provided for by the CARES Act: (i) a
experienced during 2020 resulting from the payment deferral of the
employer's share of
unfavorable impact experienced during 2021 resulting from the payment of
the first of two installments to remit the deferred amount (the $94
million remaining payment deferral will be remitted during 2022);
• a favorable change of
the unfavorable impact experienced during 2020, and corresponding
favorable impact experienced during 2021, resulting from the coding,
billing and collection delays experienced during the fourth quarter of
2020 resulting from the information technology incident, as discussed
above;
• a favorable change of
plus/minus depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based
compensation, gain/loss on sale of assets and businesses and costs related
to debt extinguishment and provision for asset impairment;
• an unfavorable change of
• a favorable change of
commercial premiums paid, and;
• $26 million of other combined net unfavorable changes.
Days sales outstanding ("DSO"): Our DSO are calculated by dividing our net
revenue by the number of days in the year. The result is divided into the
accounts receivable balance at the end of the year. Our DSO were 50 days at
Net cash used in investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities was
2021:
The
•
for equipment, renovations and new projects at various existing
facilities;
• $105 million spent to acquire businesses and property, consisting
primarily of a micro acute care hospital located in
a physician practice management company located in California ;
• $25 million of proceeds received from sales of assets and businesses;
•
technology applications (consists primarily of refunded costs previously
paid), and;
•
exchange contracts that hedge our investment in the
in exchange rates.
2020:
The
•
for equipment, renovations and new projects at various existing
facilities;
69--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
•
of the real estate assets of an acute care hospital located in
•
exchange contracts that hedge our investment in the
in exchange rates;
• $8 million of proceeds received from sales of assets and businesses;
•
technology applications, and;
• $3 million spent to fund investments in various joint-ventures.
Net cash used in financing activities
Net cash used in financing activities was
2021:
The
• spent
billion related to our tranche A term loan facility; (ii)
related to our terminated tranche B term loan facility; (iii)
related to the early redemption of our previously outstanding $400
million , 5.00% senior secured notes which were scheduled to mature in
June, 2026; (iv) $225 million related to our accounts receivable
securitization program, and; (v) $2 million related to other debt
facilities;
• generated
(i) $1.7 billion related to our tranche A term loan facility; (ii) $699
million (net of discount) related to the August, 2021 issuance of $700
million , 1.65% senior secured notes due in September, 2026; (iii) $499
million (net of discount) related to the August, 2021 issuance of $500
million , 2.65% senior secured notes due in January, 2032; (iv) $343
million pursuant to our revolving credit facility, and; (v)
proceeds received related to other debt facilities;
• spent
connection with: (i) open market purchases pursuant to our stock
repurchase program (
obligations related to stock-based compensation programs (
• spent$66 million to pay quarterly cash dividends of$.20 per share;
• spent
various financing transactions, as discussed herein;
• generated
Stock pursuant to the terms of employee stock purchase plans;
• received
majority owned businesses, and;
• spent
interests in majority owned businesses.
2020:
The
• spent
to redeem our previously outstanding 4.75% senior secured notes which were
scheduled to mature in 2022; (ii)
receivable securitization program; (iii)
loan A facility; (iv)
credit facility; (v)
(vi)
• generated
(i)
the issuance in September, 2020, of the
notes which are scheduled to mature in 2030, and; (ii)
to other debt facilities.
• spent
connection with: (i) open market purchases pursuant to our stock
repurchase program, which was suspended in April, 2020 for the remainder
of 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic ($197 million ), and;
(ii) income tax withholding obligations related to stock-based
compensation programs ($10 million );
• spent
interests in majority owned businesses;
• received
majority owned businesses;
• spent $17 million to pay a cash dividend of $.20 per share during the
first quarter of 2020 (quarterly dividends were suspended during the
remainder of 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic);
70--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• generated
Stock pursuant to the terms of employee stock purchase plans, and;
• spent
$800 million , 2.65% senior secured notes which were issued during the third quarter of 2020.
2022 Expected Capital Expenditures:
During 2022, we expect to spend approximately$950 million to$1.1 billion on capital expenditures which includes expenditures for capital equipment, construction of new facilities, and renovations and expansions at existing hospitals. We believe that our capital expenditure program is adequate to expand, improve and equip our existing hospitals. We expect to finance all capital expenditures and acquisitions with internally generated funds and/or additional funds, as discussed below.
Capital Resources:
OnAugust 24, 2021 , we entered into a seventh amendment to our credit agreement dated as ofNovember 15, 2010 , as amended and restated as ofSeptember 21, 2012 ,August 7, 2014 andOctober 23, 2018 , among UHS, as borrower, the several banks and other financial institutions from time to time parties thereto, as lenders, andJPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A ., as administrative agent, (the "Credit Agreement"). In September, 2021, we entered into an eighth amendment to our Credit Agreement which modified the definition of "Adjusted LIBO Rate".
The seventh amendment to the Credit Agreement, among other things, provided for the following:
o a
scheduled to mature on
million over the
this facility had
available borrowing capacity, net of
credit;
o a
loan facility, and;
o repayment of approximately $488 million of outstanding borrowings and
termination of the previous tranche B term loan facility.
Pursuant to the terms of the seventh amendment, the tranche A term loan, which
had $1.689 billion of borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2021 , provides
for installment payments of $10.625 million per quarter beginning on December
31, 2021 through September 30, 2023 and $21.25 million per quarter beginning on
December 31, 2023 through June 30, 2026 . The unpaid principal balance at June
30, 2026 is due on the maturity date.
Revolving credit and tranche A term loan borrowings under the Credit Agreement
bear interest at our election at either (1) the ABR rate which is defined as the
rate per annum equal to the greatest of (a) the lender's prime rate, (b) the
weighted average of the federal funds rate, plus 0.5% and (c) one month LIBOR
rate plus 1%, in each case, plus an applicable margin based upon our
consolidated leverage ratio at the end of each quarter ranging from 0.25% to
0.625%, or (2) the one, three or six month LIBOR rate (at our election), plus an
applicable margin based upon our consolidated leverage ratio at the end of each
quarter ranging from 1.25% to 1.625%. As of December 31, 2021 , the applicable
margins were 0.25% for ABR-based loans and 1.25% for LIBOR-based loans under the
revolving credit and term loan A facilities. The revolving credit facility
includes a $125 million sub-limit for letters of credit. The Credit Agreement is
secured by certain assets of the Company and our material subsidiaries (which
generally excludes asset classes such as substantially all of the
patient-related accounts receivable of our acute care hospitals, and certain
real estate assets and assets held in joint-ventures with third parties) and is
guaranteed by our material subsidiaries.
The Credit Agreement includes a material adverse change clause that must be
represented at each draw. The Credit Agreement also contains covenants that
include a limitation on sales of assets, mergers, change of ownership, liens and
indebtedness, transactions with affiliates, dividends and stock repurchases; and
requires compliance with financial covenants including maximum leverage. We were
in compliance with all required covenants as of December 31, 2021 and December
31, 2020 .
On August 24, 2021 , we completed the following via private offerings to
qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A and to non-U.S. persons outside
the United States in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended:
o Issued
notes due on
o Issued
notes due on
In April, 2021, our accounts receivable securitization program
("Securitization") was amended (the eighth amendment) to: (i) reduce the
aggregate borrowing commitments to $20 million (from $450 million previously);
(ii) slightly reduce the borrowing rates and commitment fee, and; (iii) extend
the maturity date to April 25, 2022 (from April, 2021 previously). Substantially
all other material terms and conditions remained unchanged. There were no
borrowings outstanding pursuant to the Securitization as of December 31, 2021 .
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OnSeptember 13, 2021 , we redeemed$400 million of aggregate principal amount of 5.00% senior secured notes, that were scheduled to mature onJune 1, 2026 , at 102.50% of the aggregate principal, or$410 million .
As of
o
September, 2026 ("2026 Notes") which were issued on
o
October, 2030 ("2030 Notes") which were issued on
o
in January, 2032 ("2032 Notes") which were issued on
On
Interest on the 2026 Notes is payable onMarch 1st andSeptember 1st until the maturity date ofSeptember 1, 2026 . Interest on the 2030 Notes payable onApril 15th andOctober 15th , until the maturity date ofOctober 15, 2030 . Interest on the 2032 Notes is payable onJanuary 15th andJuly 15th until the maturity date ofJanuary 15, 2032 . The 2026 Notes, 2030 Notes and 2032 Notes (collectively "The Notes") were offered only to qualified institutional buyers under Rule 144A and to non-U.S. persons outsidethe United States in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act and may not be offered or sold inthe United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements. The Notes are guaranteed (the "Guarantees") on a senior secured basis by all of our existing and future direct and indirect subsidiaries (the "Subsidiary Guarantors") that guarantee our Credit Agreement, or other first lien obligations or any junior lien obligations. The Notes and the Guarantees are secured by first-priority liens, subject to permitted liens, on certain of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' assets now owned or acquired in the future by the Company or the Subsidiary Guarantors (other than real property, accounts receivable sold pursuant to the Company's Existing Receivables Facility (as defined in the Indenture pursuant to which The Notes were issued (the "Indenture")), and certain other excluded assets). The Company's obligations with respect to The Notes, the obligations of the Subsidiary Guarantors under the Guarantees, and the performance of all of the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' other obligations under the Indenture, are secured equally and ratably with the Company's and the Subsidiary Guarantors' obligations under the Credit Agreement and The Notes by a perfected first-priority security interest, subject to permitted liens, in the collateral owned by the Company and its Subsidiary Guarantors, whether now owned or hereafter acquired. However, the liens on the collateral securing The Notes and the Guarantees will be released if: (i) The Notes have investment grade ratings; (ii) no default has occurred and is continuing, and; (iii) the liens on the collateral securing all first lien obligations (including the Credit Agreement and The Notes) and any junior lien obligations are released or the collateral under the Credit Agreement, any other first lien obligations and any junior lien obligations is released or no longer required to be pledged. The liens on any collateral securing The Notes and the Guarantees will also be released if the liens on that collateral securing the Credit Agreement, other first lien obligations and any junior lien obligations are released. In connection with the issuance of The Notes, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the representatives of the several initial purchasers, entered into Registration Rights Agreements (the "Registration Rights Agreements"), whereby the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors have agreed, at their expense, to use commercially reasonable best efforts to: (i) cause to be filed a registration statement enabling the holders to exchange The Notes and the Guarantees for registered senior secured notes issued by the Company and guaranteed by the then Subsidiary Guarantors under the Indenture (the "Exchange Securities "), containing terms identical to those of The Notes (except that theExchange Securities will not be subject to restrictions on transfer or to any increase in annual interest rate for failure to comply with the Registration Rights Agreements); (ii) cause the registration statement to become effective; (iii) complete the exchange offer not later than 60 days after such effective date and in any event on or prior to a target registration date ofMarch 21, 2023 in the case of the 2030 Notes andFebruary 24, 2024 in the case of the 2026 and 2032 Notes, and; (iv) file a shelf registration statement for the resale of The Notes if the exchange offers cannot be effected within the time periods listed above. The interest rate on The Notes will increase and additional interest thereon will be payable if the Company does not comply with its obligations under the Registration Rights Agreements. As discussed in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements-Relationship with Universal Health Realty Income Trust and Other Related Party Transactions, onDecember 31, 2021 , we (through wholly-owned subsidiaries of ours) entered into an asset exchange and substitution transaction with Universal Health Realty Income Trust (the "Trust"), pursuant to the terms of which we, among other things, transferred to the Trust, the real estate assets ofAiken Regional Medical Center ("Aiken") andCanyon Creek Behavioral Health ("Canyon Creek"). In connection with this transaction,Aiken and Canyon Creek (as lessees), entered into a master lease and individual property leases (with the Trust as lessor), for initial lease terms on each property of approximately twelve years, ending onDecember 31, 2033 . As a result of our purchase option within theAiken andCanyon Spring lease agreements, this asset purchase and sale transaction is accounted for as a failed sale leaseback in accordance withU.S. GAAP and we have accounted for the transaction as a financing arrangement. Our monthly lease payments payable to the Trust will be recorded to interest expense and as a reduction of the outstanding financial liability. The amount allocated to interest expense will be determined using our incremental 72
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borrowing rate and will be based on the outstanding financial liability. In
connection with this transaction, our Consolidated Balance Sheet at
AtDecember 31, 2021 , the carrying value and fair value of our debt were each approximately$4.2 billion . AtDecember 31, 2020 , the carrying value and fair value of our debt were each approximately$3.9 billion . The fair value of our debt was computed based upon quotes received from financial institutions. We consider these to be "level 2" in the fair value hierarchy as outlined in the authoritative guidance for disclosures in connection with debt instruments.
Our total debt as a percentage of total capitalization was approximately 41% at
We expect to finance all capital expenditures and acquisitions and pay dividends and potentially repurchase shares of our common stock utilizing internally generated and additional funds. Additional funds may be obtained through: (i) borrowings under our existing revolving credit facility, which had$854 million of available borrowing capacity as ofDecember 31, 2021 , or through refinancing the existing Credit Agreement; (ii) the issuance of other short-term and/or long-term debt, and/or; (iii) the issuance of equity. We believe that our operating cash flows, cash and cash equivalents, available commitments under existing agreements, as well as access to the capital markets, provide us with sufficient capital resources to fund our operating, investing and financing requirements for the next twelve months. However, in the event we need to access the capital markets or other sources of financing, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms or within an acceptable time. Our inability to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us could have a material unfavorable impact on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As ofDecember 31, 2021 we were party to certain off balance sheet arrangements consisting of standby letters of credit and surety bonds which totaled$168 million consisting of: (i)$158 million related to our self-insurance programs, and; (ii)$10 million of other debt and public utility guarantees. Obligations under operating leases for real property, real property master leases and equipment amount to$448 million as ofDecember 31, 2021 . The real property master leases are leases for buildings on or near hospital property for which we guarantee a certain level of rental income. We sublease space in these buildings and any amounts received from these subleases are offset against the expense. In addition, we lease certain hospital facilities fromUniversal Health Realty Trust (the "Trust") with terms scheduled to expire in 2026, 2033 and 2040. These leases contain various renewal options, as disclosed in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements-Relationship with Universal Health Realty Income Trust and Other Related Party Transactions. We also lease two free-standing emergency departments and space in certain medical office buildings which are owned by the Trust. In addition, we lease the real property of certain other facilities from non-related parties as indicated in Item 2. Properties, as included herein. The following represents the scheduled maturities of our contractual obligations as ofDecember 31, 2021 : Payments Due by Period (dollars in thousands) Less than 2-3 4-5 After Total 1 year years years 5 years Long-term debt obligations (a)$ 4,190,288 $ 48,409 $ 151,660 $ 2,552,668 $ 1,437,551 Estimated future interest payments on debt outstanding as of December 31, 2021 (b) 643,153 94,725 160,632 146,614 241,182 Construction commitments (c) 21,063 10,532 10,532 0 0
Purchase and other obligations (d) 366,728 54,236 116,021 84,146 112,325 Operating leases (e)
448,453 75,790 127,348 95,291 150,024
Estimated future payments for
defined benefit
pension plan, and other
retirement plan (f) 178,861 17,861 17,889 18,616 124,495
Health and dental unpaid claims (g) 113,600 113,600 0 0 0
Total contractual cash obligations
(a) Reflects debt outstanding, after unamortized financing costs, as of
Statements.
(b) Assumes that all debt outstanding as of
borrowings under our Credit Agreement, remain outstanding until the final
maturity of the debt agreements at the same interest rates (some of which are
floating) which were in effect as of
repay borrowings upon short notice and without penalty, pursuant to the terms
of the Credit Agreement.
(c) Our share of the estimated construction cost of a behavioral health care
facility scheduled to be completed in 2023 that, subject to approval of
certain regulatory conditions, we are required to build pursuant to a
joint-venture agreement with a third party. In addition, we had various other
projects under construction as of
substantially all of the construction contracts related to the various other
projects at any time without paying a termination fee, these costs are
excluded from the table above.
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(d) Consists of: (i)
third-parties consisting primarily of certain revenue cycle data processing
services for our acute care facilities; (ii)
future expected costs to be paid to a third-party vendor in connection with
the ongoing operation of an electronic health records application and
purchase and implementation of a revenue cycle and other applications for our
acute care facilities; (iii) and
and; (iv)
connection with various agreements with the
discussed below.
(e) Reflects our future minimum operating lease payment obligations related to
our operating lease agreements outstanding as of
discussed in Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Some of the
lease agreements provide us with the option to renew the lease and our future
lease obligations would change if we exercised these renewal options. In
connection with these operating lease commitments, our consolidated balance
sheet as of
million and aggregate operating lease liabilities of $369 million ($64
million included in current liabilities and $305 million included in
noncurrent liabilities).
(f) Consists of
non-contributory, defined benefit pension plan (estimated through 2080), as
disclosed in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and
of estimated future payments related to other retirement plan liabilities
(
(g) Consists of accrued and unpaid estimated claims expense incurred in
connection with our commercial health insurers and self-insured employee
benefit plans.
As ofDecember 31, 2021 , the total net accrual for our professional and general liability claims was$349 million , of which$74 million is included in other current liabilities and$275 million is included in other non-current liabilities. We exclude the$349 million for professional and general liability claims from the contractual obligations table because there are no significant contractual obligations associated with these liabilities and because of the uncertainty of the dollar amounts to be ultimately paid as well as the timing of such payments. Please see Self-Insured/Other Insurance Risks above for additional disclosure related to our professional and general liability claims and reserves. During 2020, we entered into a various agreements with theDistrict of Columbia (the "District") related to the development, leasing and operation of an acute care hospital and certain other facilities/structures on land owned by the District ("District Facilities"). The agreements contemplate that we will serve as manager for development and construction of the District Facilities on behalf of the District, with a projected aggregate cost of approximately$375 million , approximately$8 million of which was incurred as ofDecember 31, 2021 , which will be entirely funded by the District. Construction of the District Facilities is expected to be completed by 2024. Upon completion of the District Facilities, we will lease the District Facilities for a nominal rental amount for a period of 75 years and are obligated to operate the District Facilities during the lease term. We have certain lease termination rights in connection with the District Facilities beginning on the tenth anniversary of the lease commencement date for various and decreasing amounts as provided for in the agreements. Additionally, any time after the 10th anniversary of the lease term, we have a right to purchase the District Facilities for a price equal to the greater of fair market value of the District Facilities or the amount necessary to defease the bonds issued by the District to fund the construction of the District Facilities. The lease agreement also entitles the District to participation rent should certain specified earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization thresholds be achieved by the acute care hospital. Additionally, we have committed to expend no less than$75 million , over a projected 13-year period, in healthcare infrastructure including expenditures related to the District Facilities as well as other healthcare related expenditures in certain specified areas ofWashington, D.C. This financial commitment is included in "Purchase and other obligations" as reflected on the contractual obligations table above. Pursuant to the agreements, the District is entitled to certain termination fees and other amounts as specified in the agreements in the event we, within certain specified periods of time, cease to operate the acute care hospital or there is a transfer of control of us or our subsidiary operating the hospital.
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