Following the transactions described in further detail below,CDM Resource Management LLC ("CDM Resource") andCDM Environmental & Technical Services LLC ("CDM E&T"), which together represent the CDM Compression Business (the "USA Compression Predecessor"), has been determined to be the historical predecessor ofUSA Compression Partners, LP (the "Partnership") for financial reporting purposes. TheUSA Compression Predecessor is considered the predecessor of the Partnership because Energy Transfer Equity LP ("ETE"), through its wholly owned subsidiaryEnergy Transfer Partners, L.L.C. , ("ETP LLC ") controlled theUSA Compression Predecessor prior to the transactions described below and obtained control of the Partnership through its acquisition ofUSA Compression GP, LLC , the general partner of the Partnership (the "General Partner"). The closing of the Transactions occurred onApril 2, 2018 (the "Transactions Date") and has been reflected in the consolidated financial statements of the Partnership. InOctober 2018 ,ETE and Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. ("ETP") completed the merger of ETP with a wholly owned subsidiary of ETE in a unit-for-unit exchange (the "ETE Merger"). Following the closing of the ETE Merger, ETE changed its name to "Energy Transfer LP " ("ET LP ") and ETP changed its name to "Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. " ("ETO"). Upon the closing of the ETE Merger, ETE contributed to ETO 100% of the limited liability company interests in the General Partner. References herein to "ETO" refer to ETP for periods prior to the ETE Merger and ETO following the ETE Merger, and references to "ET LP " refer to ETE for periods prior to theETE Merger and ET LP following the ETE Merger. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto, and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report. The following discussion includes forward-looking statements that involve certain risks and uncertainties. See Part I "Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors". All references in this section to theUSA Compression Predecessor, as well as the terms "our," "we," "us" and "its" refer to theUSA Compression Predecessor when used in a historical context or in reference to the periods prior to the Transactions Date, unless the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated. All references in this section to the Partnership, as well as the terms "our," "we," "us" and "its" refer toUSA 42
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Compression Partners, LP , together with its consolidated subsidiaries, including theUSA Compression Predecessor, when used in the present or future tense and for periods subsequent to the Transactions Date, unless the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated. Discussion and analysis of our operating highlights and financial results of operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2017 is included under the headings in Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Operating Highlights, Financial Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources, and Critical Accounting Policies" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 with theSEC onFebruary 19, 2019 . Overview We provide compression services in a number of shale plays throughout theU.S. , including theUtica , Marcellus,Permian Basin ,Delaware Basin ,Eagle Ford , Mississippi Lime, Granite Wash, Woodford, Barnett, Haynesville, Niobrara and Fayetteville shales. Demand for our services is driven by the domestic production of natural gas and crude oil; as such, we have focused our activities in areas with attractive natural gas and crude oil production growth, which are generally found in these shale and unconventional resource plays. According to studies promulgated by theU.S. Energy Information Administration ("EIA"), the production and transportation volumes of these shale plays, in aggregate, are expected to increase over the long term due to the comparatively attractive economic returns versus returns achieved in many conventional basins. Furthermore, the changes in production volumes and pressures of shale plays over time require a wider range of compression services than in conventional basins. We believe we are well-positioned to meet these changing operating conditions due to the flexibility of our compression units. While our business focuses largely on compression services serving infrastructure applications, including centralized natural gas gathering systems and processing facilities, which utilize large horsepower compression units, typically in shale plays, we also provide compression services in more mature conventional basins, including gas lift applications on crude oil wells targeted by horizontal drilling techniques. Gas lift, a process by which natural gas is injected into the production tubing of an existing producing well, in order to reduce the hydrostatic pressure and allow the oil to flow at a higher rate, and other artificial lift technologies are critical to the enhancement of oil production from horizontal wells operating in tight shale plays. Recent Developments 2027 Senior Notes Issuance and Exchange OnMarch 7, 2019 , the Partnership and its wholly owned finance subsidiary,USA Compression Finance Corp. ("Finance Corp ") co-issued$750.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes due onSeptember 1, 2027 (the "Senior Notes 2027"). The Senior Notes 2027 accrue interest fromMarch 7, 2019 at the rate of 6.875% per year. Interest on the Senior Notes 2027 is payable semi-annually in arrears on each ofMarch 1 andSeptember 1 , with the first such payment having occurred onSeptember 1, 2019 . OnDecember 18, 2019 , the Partnership closed an exchange offer whereby holders of the Senior Notes 2027 exchanged all of the Senior Notes 2027 for an equivalent amount of senior notes ("Exchange Notes 2027") registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"). The Exchange Notes 2027 are substantially identical to the Senior Notes 2027, except that the Exchange Notes 2027 have been registered with theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and do not contain the transfer restrictions, restrictive legends, registration rights or additional interest provisions of the Senior Notes 2027. 2018 CDM Acquisition and Related Transactions CDM Acquisition and Issuance of ClassB Units On the Transactions Date, we consummated the transactions contemplated by the Contribution Agreement datedJanuary 15, 2018 , pursuant to which, among other things, we acquired all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of theUSA Compression Predecessor from ETO (the "CDM Acquisition") in exchange for aggregate consideration of approximately$1.7 billion , consisting of (i) 19,191,351 common units representing limited partner interests in us (the "common units"), (ii) 6,397,965 Class B units representing limited partner interests in us ("ClassB Units ") and (iii)$1.2 billion in cash (including customary closing adjustments). OnJuly 30, 2019 , 6,397,965 ClassB Units automatically converted into common units on a one-for-one basis, resulting in the issuance of 6,397,965 common units to ETO. Following the conversion, there are no longer ClassB Units outstanding. 43
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General Partner Purchase Agreement On the Transactions Date, and in connection with the closing of the CDM Acquisition, we consummated the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement datedJanuary 15, 2018 , by and amongET LP , ETP LLC, USACompression Holdings, LLC ("USA Compression Holdings ") and, solely for certain purposes therein,R/C IV USACP Holdings, L.P. and ETO, pursuant to which, among other things,ET LP acquired fromUSA Compression Holdings (i) all of the outstanding limited liability company interests in the General Partner and (ii) 12,466,912 common units for cash consideration paid byET LP toUSA Compression Holdings equal to$250.0 million (the "GP Purchase"). Upon the closing of the ETE Merger,ET LP contributed all of the interests in the General Partner and the 12,466,912 common units to ETO. Equity Restructuring Agreement On the Transactions Date, and in connection with the closing of the CDM Acquisition, we consummated the transactions contemplated by the Equity Restructuring Agreement datedJanuary 15, 2018 (the "Equity Restructuring Agreement"), pursuant to which, among other things, the Partnership, theGeneral Partner and ET LP agreed to cancel the Partnership's Incentive Distribution Rights ("IDRs") and convert the General Partner's interest into a non-economic general partner interest, in exchange for the Partnership's issuance of 8,000,000 common units to the General Partner (the "Equity Restructuring"). In addition, at any time after one year following the Transactions Date,ET LP has the right to contribute (or cause any of its subsidiaries to contribute) to us all of the outstanding equity interests in any of its subsidiaries that owns the general partner interest in us in exchange for$10.0 million (the "GP Contribution"); provided that the GP Contribution will occur automatically if at any time following the Transactions Date (i)ET LP or one of its subsidiaries (including ETO) owns, directly or indirectly, the general partner interest in us and (ii)ET LP and its subsidiaries (including ETO) collectively own less than 12,500,000 of our common units. The CDM Acquisition, GP Purchase and Equity Restructuring are collectively referred to as the "Transactions." Series A Preferred Unit and Warrant Private Placement On the Transactions Date, we completed a private placement of$500 million in the aggregate of (i) newly authorized and established Series A Preferred Units representing limited partner interests in us (the "Preferred Units") and (ii) warrants to purchase common units (the "Warrants") pursuant to a Series A Preferred Unit and Warrant Purchase Agreement datedJanuary 15, 2018 , between the Partnership and certain investment funds managed or advised byEIG Global Energy Partners andFS Energy and Power Fund (collectively, the "Preferred Unitholders"). We issued 500,000 Preferred Units with a face value of$1,000 per Preferred Unit and issued two tranches of Warrants to the Preferred Unitholders, which included Warrants to purchase 5,000,000 common units with a strike price of$17.03 per unit and 10,000,000 common units with a strike price of$19.59 per unit. The Warrants may be exercised by the holders thereof at any time beginningApril 2, 2019 and beforeApril 2, 2028 . 2026 Senior Notes Issuance and Exchange OnMarch 23, 2018 , the Partnership andFinance Corp co-issued$725.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes due onApril 1, 2026 (the "Senior Notes 2026"). The Senior Notes 2026 accrue interest fromMarch 23, 2018 at the rate of 6.875% per year. Interest on the Senior Notes 2026 is payable semi-annually in arrears on each ofApril 1 andOctober 1 , with the first such payment having occurred onOctober 1, 2018 . OnJanuary 14, 2019 , the Partnership closed an exchange offer whereby holders of the Senior Notes 2026 exchanged all of the Senior Notes 2026 for an equivalent amount of senior notes ("Exchange Notes 2026") registered under the Securities Act. The Exchange Notes 2026 are substantially identical to the Senior Notes 2026, except that the Exchange Notes 2026 have been registered with theSEC and do not contain the transfer restrictions, restrictive legends, registration rights or additional interest provisions of the Senior Notes 2026. Credit Agreement Amendment and Restatement On the Transactions Date, we entered into the Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement") by and among the Partnership, as borrower, USAC OpCo 2, LLC,USAC Leasing 2, LLC,USA Compression Partners, LLC ,USAC Leasing, LLC , CDM Resource,CDM E&T and Finance Corp , the lenders party thereto from time to time,JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A ., as agent and a letter of credit ("LC") issuer,JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A ., Barclays Bank PLC,Regions Capital Markets , a division ofRegions Bank ,RBC Capital Markets andWells Fargo Bank, N.A ., as joint lead arrangers and joint book runners, Barclays Bank PLC,Regions Bank ,RBC Capital Markets andWells Fargo Bank, N.A ., as syndication agents, andMUFG Union Bank, N.A. ,SunTrust Bank and The Bank of Nova Scotia, as senior managing agents. The Credit Agreement amended and restated 44
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that certain Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as ofDecember 13, 2013 , as amended (the "Fifth A&R Credit Agreement"). The Credit Agreement amended the Fifth A&R Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) increase the borrowing capacity under the Credit Agreement from$1.1 billion to$1.6 billion (subject to availability under a borrowing base), (ii) extend the termination date (and the maturity date of the obligations thereunder) fromJanuary 6, 2020 toApril 2, 2023 , (iii) subject to the terms of the Credit Agreement, permit up to$400.0 million of future increases in borrowing capacity, (iv) modify the leverage ratio covenant to be 5.5 to 1.0 through the end of the fiscal quarter endingDecember 31, 2019 , and 5.0 to 1.0 thereafter and (v) increase the applicable margin for eurodollar borrowings to range from 2.00% to 2.75%, depending on our leverage ratio, all as more fully set forth in the Credit Agreement. General Trends and Outlook Natural gas compression is a critical part of the natural gas value chain, facilitating the movement of natural gas throughout the domestic pipeline system. Our business is driven in part by the increasing volumes of natural gas being produced in this country and the areas and conditions in which it is produced. Compression is generally required throughout the life of a producing basin; areas of moderating or declining natural gas production require compression to achieve minimum pressure to enter gathering and transmission pipelines. Without compression, natural gas will generally not move through a pipeline and can thus become stranded in a given area. A significant amount of our assets are utilized in natural gas infrastructure applications, primarily in centralized natural gas gathering systems and processing facilities. Rather than being more closely tied to the wellhead impact of commodity price variability, these applications generally tend to be characterized by a long-term investment horizon on the part of our customers; as such, we have generally experienced stability in rates and higher sustained utilization rates relative to other businesses more tied to drilling activity and wellhead economics. In addition to assets utilized in infrastructure applications, a small portion of our fleet horsepower is used for gas lift applications in connection with crude oil production using horizontal drilling techniques. Increasing levels of domestic natural gas production as a general rule require more installed compression in order to move the gas through the pipeline system and to the ultimate end user, whether that user be commercial, industrial or residential in nature. The EIA'sJanuary 2020 Short-Term Energy Outlook ("EIA Outlook") expects dry natural gas production to increase to 94.7 billion cubic feet per day ("Bcf/d") in 2020 (an increase of 3% over the record high production of 92.0 Bcf/d in 2019) and then decline to 94.1 Bcf/d in 2021. The EIA's expected growth in natural gas production for 2020 is largely in response to improved drilling efficiency and cost reductions, higher associated gas production from oil-directed rigs, and increased takeaway pipeline capacity from the Appalachian and Permian production regions. Forecast natural gas production growth is also supported by planned expansions in liquefied natural gas ("LNG") capacity and increased pipeline exports toMexico . The decline in natural gas production in 2021 is in response to a forecast of low natural gas spot prices in 2020 that reduces drilling activity in theAppalachian Basin .Henry Hub natural gas spot prices averaged$2.57 per million British thermal units ("MMBtu") in 2019, down from$3.16 /MMBtu in 2018. The EIA Outlook expectsHenry Hub prices to decrease to an average of to$2.33 /MMBtu in 2020 and then increase to an average of$2.54 /MMBtu in 2021. Recently, overall domestic natural gas production has increased significantly to meet the growing demand domestically as well as abroad, through, among other things, LNG exports. Over the last ten years, the EIA Outlook reports that dry natural gas production has increased by 63%, or approximately 5% annually. This increase has caused meaningful demand for our services as operators have built out the necessary infrastructure to move, process and consume these increased volumes of natural gas. While the EIA expects the overall trajectory of natural gas production to moderate, we believe demand for compression services will continue to increase because, as high-decline shale wells begin to age and production is tempered, new sources of natural gas will be required in order to meet demand. Although we cannot predict any possible changes in demand with reasonable certainty, we expect demand for our compression services to remain strong throughout 2020. Particularly in the Permian and Delaware Basins, natural gas tends to be produced alongside crude oil, and is thus known as "associated" gas. Due to many factors, the Permian and Delaware Basins have experienced significant activity levels in recent years, and along with the production of crude oil, the EIA has reported a 157% increase in associated natural gas produced in those areas sinceDecember 2015 and a 24% increase inDecember 2019 as compared toDecember 2018 . Because customers must handle the associated natural gas, compression has been a critical part of the equation for our customers to be able to produce the desired crude oil and move it to market. Given the relatively attractive economics of producing crude oil in the Permian and Delaware Basins, these areas are expected to continue to be important sources of crude oil, along with the associated natural gas, 45
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in the coming years. As crude oil production grows in these areas, there will be demand for additional compression to handle the associated natural gas. The EIA Outlook forecasts totalU.S. crude oil production to average 13.3 million barrels per day ("bbl/d") in 2020, up 9% from 2019 average production of 12.2 million bbl/d, which was the highest annual average on record. Average production in 2021 is expected to continue to increase to 13.7 million bbl/d. Almost all of the production growth within theU.S. is expected to be attributable to onshore production within the lower 48 states, and particularly from the Permian and Delaware Basins inTexas andNew Mexico , which account for 0.8 million bbl/d and 0.4 million bbl/d of the increases in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Favorable geology and technological and operational improvements have allowed the Permian and Delaware Basins to become one of the most prolific regions for oil production. The EIA Outlook forecasts a slowing rate of increases in year-over-year crude oil production, primarily as a result of a decline in the deployment of drilling rigs over the past year, a trend which the EIA expects will continue through 2020 and into 2021. Despite the decline in the number of drilling rigs, the EIA forecasts production will continue to grow as rig efficiency and well-level productivity rise. As crude oil production grows, we expect natural gas production to grow as well. For 2020, the EIA's West Texas Intermediate ("WTI") crude oil price forecast rises by$2 per barrel ("/bbl") from 2019 levels to average$59 /bbl for the year. For 2021, the EIA expects WTI prices will rise further to an average of$62 /bbl. The EIA expects oil prices above$60 /bbl to contribute to rising crude oil production, as producers will be able to fund drilling programs through cash flow and other funding sources, despite a somewhat more restrictive capital market. Daily and monthly average crude oil prices could vary significantly from annual average forecasts due to global economic developments and geopolitical events in the coming months that could have the potential to push oil prices higher or lower than forecast. Uncertainty remains regarding the duration of, and members' adherence to, the currentOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ("OPEC") production cuts, which could influence prices in either direction. We believe the recent stability of crude oil prices during 2019 and 2018 has allowed for the continued build-out of related large-scale natural gas infrastructure projects, particularly in the Permian and Delaware Basins. Our total fleet horsepower has increased by approximately 86,000 horsepower as ofDecember 31, 2019 compared toDecember 31, 2018 , while maintaining horsepower utilization at approximately 94%. We intend to prudently deploy capital for new compressor units in 2020. We have already entered into commitments to purchase all of our large horsepower compressor units for the first half of 2020, as the lead time to build these units is approximately six months. Most of our 2020 purchases of large horsepower compressor units are already committed to customers or under contract with customers. Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Operating Results As described above, theUSA Compression Predecessor has been deemed to be the accounting acquirer of the Partnership in accordance with applicable business combination accounting guidance, and, as a result, the historical financial statements reflect the results of operations of theUSA Compression Predecessor for periods prior to the Transactions Date. Therefore, the Partnership's future results of operations may not be comparable to theUSA Compression Predecessor's historical results of operations for the reasons described below. The revenues generated by the Partnership consist of the revenues from compression services as well as related ancillary revenues, including those generated by theUSA Compression Predecessor, subsequent to the Transactions Date. The historical revenues included within the Partnership's financial statements relating to periods prior to the Transactions Date are only comprised of those of theUSA Compression Predecessor. Additionally, selling, general and administrative expenses will not be comparable to the selling, general and administrative expenses previously allocated to theUSA Compression Predecessor by ETO. The Partnership's selling, general and administrative expenses will also not be comparable to the historicalUSA Compression Predecessor's selling, general and administrative expenses because the Partnership's selling, general and administrative expenses will include the expenses associated with being a publicly traded master limited partnership, whereas theUSA Compression Predecessor was operated as a component of a larger company. The Partnership incurs interest on its long-term debt and makes distributions to its unitholders. TheUSA Compression Predecessor held no long-term debt and had no outstanding publicly traded equity securities. As a result, the Partnership's long-term debt and related charges will not be comparable to theUSA Compression Predecessor's historical long-term debt and related charges. 46
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During the year endedDecember 31, 2018 , we recorded$4.2 million in transaction expenses,$3.2 million in severance expenses and$6.8 million in unit-based compensation expense, all of which related to the CDM Acquisition. Operating Highlights The following table summarizes certain horsepower and horsepower utilization percentages for the periods presented and excludes certain gas treating assets for which horsepower is not a relevant metric. Year EndedDecember 31 ,
Percent
2019 2018
Change
Fleet horsepower (at period end) (1) 3,682,968 3,597,097 2.4 %
Total available horsepower (at period end) (2) 3,709,468 3,675,447
0.9 % Revenue generating horsepower (at period end) (3) 3,310,024 3,262,470 1.5 % Average revenue generating horsepower (4) 3,279,374 2,760,029 18.8 % Average revenue per revenue generating horsepower per month (5)$ 16.65 $ 16.09 3.5 % Revenue generating compression units (at period end) 4,559 4,629 (1.5 )% Average horsepower per revenue generating compression unit (6) 720 687 4.8 % Horsepower utilization (7): At period end 93.7 % 94.0 % (0.3 )% Average for the period (8) 94.1 % 91.4 % 3.0 %
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(1) Fleet horsepower is horsepower for compression units that have been delivered
to us (and excludes units on order). As of
horsepower on order for delivery during 2020.
(2) Total available horsepower is revenue generating horsepower under contract
for which we are billing a customer, horsepower in our fleet that is under
contract but is not yet generating revenue, horsepower not yet in our fleet
that is under contract but not yet generating revenue and that is subject to
a purchase order, and idle horsepower. Total available horsepower excludes
new horsepower on order for which we do not have an executed compression
services contract.
(3) Revenue generating horsepower is horsepower under contract for which we are
billing a customer.
(4) Calculated as the average of the month-end revenue generating horsepower for
each of the months in the period.
(5) Calculated as the average of the result of dividing the contractual monthly
rate for all units at the end of each month in the period by the sum of the
revenue generating horsepower at the end of each month in the period.
(6) Calculated as the average of the month-end revenue generating horsepower per
revenue generating compression unit for each of the months in the period.
(7) Horsepower utilization is calculated as (i) the sum of (a) revenue generating
horsepower, (b) horsepower in our fleet that is under contract, but is not
yet generating revenue and (c) horsepower not yet in our fleet that is under
contract, not yet generating revenue and that is subject to a purchase order,
divided by (ii) total available horsepower less idle horsepower that is under
repair. Horsepower utilization based on revenue generating horsepower and
fleet horsepower was 89.9% and 90.7% at
respectively.
(8) Calculated as the average utilization for the months in the period based on
utilization at the end of each month in the period. Average horsepower
utilization based on revenue generating horsepower and fleet horsepower was
89.8% and 87.5% for the years ended
The 2.4% increase in fleet horsepower as ofDecember 31, 2019 compared toDecember 31, 2018 was attributable to compression units added to our fleet to meet incremental demand by new and current customers for our compression services. The 1.5% increase in revenue generating horsepower as ofDecember 31, 2019 compared toDecember 31, 2018 was primarily due to organic growth in our large horsepower fleet, while the 1.5% decrease in revenue generating compression units was primarily due to returns of small horsepower compression units from our customers, partially offset by the organic growth of large horsepower compression units and a 4.8% increase in average horsepower per revenue generating compression unit during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 . The 3.5% increase in average revenue per revenue generating horsepower per month for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily due to contracts on new compression units as well as selective price increases on the existing fleet. 47
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The 3.0% increase in average horsepower utilization and 2.6% increase in average horsepower utilization based on revenue generating horsepower and fleet horsepower during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 were primarily attributable to increased demand for our services driven by increasedU.S. production of crude oil and natural gas. Financial Results of Operations Year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods presented (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percent 2019 2018 Change Revenues: Contract operations$ 664,162 $ 546,896 21.4 % Parts and service 14,236 20,402 (30.2 )% Related party 19,967 17,054 17.1 % Total revenues 698,365 584,352 19.5 % Costs and expenses: Cost of operations, exclusive of depreciation and amortization 227,303 214,724 5.9 % Gross operating margin 471,062 369,628 27.4 % Other operating and administrative costs and expenses: Selling, general and administrative 64,397 68,995 (6.7 )% Depreciation and amortization 231,447 213,692 8.3 % Loss on disposition of assets 940 12,964 (92.7 )% Impairment of compression equipment 5,894 8,666 (32.0 )% Total other operating and administrative costs 302,678 304,317 and expenses (0.5 )% Operating income 168,384 65,311 157.8 % Other income (expense): Interest expense, net (127,146 ) (78,377 ) 62.2 % Other 80 41 95.1 % Total other expense (127,066 ) (78,336 ) 62.2 % Net income (loss) before income tax expense 41,318 (13,025 ) (benefit) 417.2 % Income tax expense (benefit) 2,186 (2,474 ) 188.4 % Net income (loss)$ 39,132 $ (10,551 ) 470.9 % Contract operations revenue. The$117.3 million increase in contract operations revenue for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to the first three months of 2018 including only the results of theUSA Compression Predecessor prior to the Transactions Date. Average revenue generating horsepower increased 18.8% for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 primarily due to the inclusion of the Partnership's historical assets subsequent to the Transactions Date. Additionally, we experienced a year-to-year increase in demand for our compression services driven by increasedU.S. production of crude oil and natural gas as average revenue per revenue generating horsepower per month increased 3.5% to$16.65 for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to$16.09 for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 . Parts and service revenue. The$6.2 million decrease in parts and service revenue for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to a decrease in maintenance work performed on units at our customers' locations that are outside the scope of our core maintenance activities and offered as a courtesy to our customers, and freight and crane charges that are directly reimbursable by customers. Demand for retail parts and services fluctuates from period to period based on the varying needs of our customers. 48
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Related party revenue. Related party revenue was earned through related party transactions in the ordinary course of business with various affiliated entities of ETO. The$2.9 million increase in related party revenue for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to additional compression and related ancillary services demand from such affiliates. Cost of operations, exclusive of depreciation and amortization. The$12.6 million increase in cost of operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was driven by (1) a$21.1 million increase in direct expenses, such as parts and fluids expenses, and (2) a$5.3 million increase in direct labor expenses, for which both increases were primarily attributable to the first three months of 2018 including only the results of theUSA Compression Predecessor prior to the Transactions Date. These increases were partially offset by (1) a$5.0 million decrease in ad valorem tax expense, due primarily to prior year refunds received during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 , (2) a$3.9 million decrease in retail parts and service expenses, which have a corresponding decrease in parts and service revenue, (3) a$3.9 million decrease in outside maintenance services and (4) a$1.1 million decrease in other indirect expenses. Gross operating margin. The$101.4 million increase in gross operating margin for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily due to an increase in revenues, partially offset by an increase in cost of operations, exclusive of depreciation and amortization. These increases were primarily due to the addition of the Partnership's historical assets after the Transactions Date and higher demand for our services driven by increasedU.S. production of crude oil and natural gas. Selling, general and administrative expense. The$4.6 million decrease in selling, general and administrative expense for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to (1) a$5.9 million decrease in transaction expenses and severance expenses, (2) a$3.2 million decrease in other miscellaneous expenses, partially offset by (1) a$2.4 million increase in payroll and benefits expenses and (2) a$1.9 million increase in professional fees expenses. Transaction expenses and severance expenses were lower during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 primarily due to the Transactions completed during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 . Other miscellaneous expenses decreased primarily due to the expense allocation to theUSA Compression Predecessor ending after the Transactions Date. Payroll and benefits expenses and professional fees increased due to the addition of the Partnership's historical assets after the Transactions Date. Depreciation and amortization expense. The$17.8 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily the result of the addition of the Partnership's historical assets on the Transactions Date and assets recently placed in service. Loss on disposition of assets. The$12.0 million decrease in net losses on disposition of assets during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to disposals of various property and equipment by theUSA Compression Predecessor prior to the Transactions Date during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 . Impairment of compression equipment. The$5.9 million and$8.7 million impairments of compression equipment during the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were primarily the result of our evaluations of the future deployment of our idle fleet under then-current market conditions. Our evaluations determined that due to certain performance characteristics of the impaired equipment, such as excessive maintenance costs and the inability of the equipment to meet then-current emissions standards without excessive retrofitting costs, this equipment was unlikely to be accepted by customers under then-current market conditions. As a result of our evaluations during the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018, we determined to retire and re-utilize the key components of 33 and 103 compression units, respectively, with a total of approximately 11,000 and 33,000 horsepower, respectively, that had been previously used to provide compression services in our business. Interest expense, net. The$48.8 million increase in interest expense, net for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to (1) higher overall debt balances as theUSA Compression Predecessor had no borrowings prior to the Transactions Date, (2) interest expense incurred on$750.0 million of 6.875% senior notes issued inMarch 2019 , which were used to reduce borrowings under the Credit Agreement, and (3) higher interest rates on borrowings under the Credit Agreement. These increases were partially offset by the decrease in borrowings under the Credit Agreement. The weighted average interest rate applicable to borrowings under the Credit Agreement was 4.84% for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to 4.69% for the period from the Transactions Date toDecember 31, 2018 . Average outstanding 49
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borrowings under the Credit Agreement were$493.3 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to$984.7 million for the period from the Transactions Date toDecember 31, 2018 . Income tax expense (benefit). During the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018, we recognized income tax expense of$2.2 million and an income tax benefit of$2.5 million , respectively, primarily related to current and deferred taxes associated with Texas Margin Tax. Other Financial Data The following table summarizes other financial data for the periods presented (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, Percent Other Financial Data: (1) 2019 2018 Change Gross operating margin$ 471,062 $ 369,628 27.4 % Gross operating margin percentage (2) 67.5 % 63.3 % 6.6 % Adjusted EBITDA$ 419,640 $ 320,475 30.9 % Adjusted EBITDA percentage (2) 60.1 % 54.8 % 9.7 % DCF$ 221,868 $ 177,757 24.8 % DCF Coverage Ratio (3) 1.13x 1.25x (9.6 )% Cash Coverage Ratio (3) 1.14x 1.26x (9.5 )%
________________________________
(1) Gross operating margin, Adjusted EBITDA, DCF, DCF Coverage Ratio and Cash
Coverage
measure, as well as reconciliations of each measure to its most directly
comparable financial measure(s) calculated and presented in accordance with
GAAP, can be found under the caption "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" in Part
II, Item 6 "Selected Financial Data".
(2) Gross operating margin percentage and Adjusted EBITDA percentage are
calculated as a percentage of revenue.
(3) Distributions for the year ended
quarters of distributions as the
distributions prior to the Transactions Date. DCF, however, reflects a full
year of DCF. On a pro forma basis, both the DCF Coverage Ratio and Cash
Coverage
comparable three quarters of DCF and three quarters of distributions.
Adjusted EBITDA. The$99.2 million , or 30.9%, increase in Adjusted EBITDA for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was driven by the addition of the Partnership's historical assets after the Transactions Date, which was the primary cause of a$101.4 million increase in gross operating margin. This increase was partially offset by a$2.2 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding transaction expenses, unit-based compensation expense and other non-recurring charges. DCF. The$44.1 million , or 24.8%, increase in DCF during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was driven by (1) the addition of the Partnership's historical assets after the Transactions Date, which was the primary cause of a$101.4 million increase in gross operating margin, and (2) a$2.9 million decrease in maintenance capital expenditures. These increases were partially offset by (1) a$46.2 million increase in cash interest expense, net, (2) a$12.3 million increase in distributions on the Preferred Units and (3) a$2.2 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding transaction expenses, unit-based compensation expense and other non-recurring charges. Coverage Ratios. The decreases in DCF Coverage Ratio and Cash Coverage Ratio for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 were attributable to the fact that distributions for year endedDecember 31, 2018 reflect only three quarters of distributions, as theUSA Compression Predecessor did not pay distributions prior to the Transactions Date, as well as additional distributions in 2019 due to the conversion of 6,397,965 ClassB Units , which did not participate in distributions, to common units on a one-for-one basis onJuly 30, 2019 . 50
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Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview We operate in a capital-intensive industry, and our primary liquidity needs are to finance the purchase of additional compression units and make other capital expenditures, service our debt, fund working capital, and pay distributions. Our principal sources of liquidity include cash generated by operating activities, borrowings under the Credit Agreement and issuances of debt and equity securities, including under the DRIP. We believe cash generated by operating activities and, where necessary, borrowings under the Credit Agreement will be sufficient to service our debt, fund working capital, fund our estimated expansion capital expenditures, fund our maintenance capital expenditures and pay distributions through 2020. Because we distribute all of our available cash, which excludes prudent operating reserves, we expect to fund any future expansion capital expenditures or acquisitions primarily with capital from external financing sources, such as borrowings under the Credit Agreement and issuances of debt and equity securities, including under the DRIP. To fund a portion of the CDM Acquisition, onMarch 23, 2018 the Partnership andFinance Corp co-issued$725.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes 2026 and, on the Transactions Date, the Partnership issued the Preferred Units and Warrants for aggregate gross consideration of$500.0 million . The transaction fees associated with these issuances were financed with borrowings under the Credit Agreement. Also on the Transactions Date, the borrowing capacity under the Credit Agreement was increased from$1.1 billion to$1.6 billion . In addition, onMarch 7, 2019 , the Partnership andFinance Corp co-issued$750.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes 2027 and used the net proceeds to reduce our outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement. We are not aware of any regulatory changes or environmental liabilities that we currently expect to have a material impact on our current or future operations. Please see "Capital Expenditures" below. Cash Flows The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands): Year Ended December
31,
2019
2018
Net cash provided by operating activities$ 300,580 $
226,340
Net cash used in investing activities (144,490 )
(779,663 ) Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (156,179 ) 549,409
Net cash provided by operating activities. The$74.2 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily due to a$58.7 million increase in net income, as adjusted for non-cash items, and changes in other working capital. Net cash used in investing activities. The$635.2 million decrease in net cash used in investing activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2018 was primarily due to (1)$1.2 billion of cash paid, offset by$710.5 million of cash assumed, each as part of the CDM Acquisition for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 , (2) a$95.4 million decrease in capital expenditures for purchases of new compression units, related equipment and reconfiguration costs, (3) a$15.0 million increase in proceeds from disposition of property and equipment and (4) a$3.8 million increase in insurance proceeds received during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 for compression units previously damaged. Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities. Net cash used in financing activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 was$156.2 million compared to net cash provided by financing activities of$549.4 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 . This change was primarily due to (1)$479.1 million of net proceeds received during the year endedDecember 31, 2018 for the issuance of Preferred Units and Warrants used to partially fund the CDM Acquisition, (2) an increase of$51.9 million in cash distributions paid on common units, as theUSA Compression Predecessor did not pay distributions prior to the Transactions Date, (3) an increase of$24.5 million of cash distributions paid on Preferred Units as they were not outstanding prior to the Transactions Date, (4) a decrease in net borrowings of$127.3 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 , as additional borrowings for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 were made primarily to pay fees and expenses related to the CDM Acquisition, and (5)$28.5 million 51
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in intercompany contributions received by theUSA Compression Predecessor for the year endedDecember 31, 2018 from its former parent company. Capital Expenditures The compression services business is capital intensive, requiring significant investment to maintain, expand and upgrade existing operations. Our capital requirements have consisted primarily of, and we anticipate that our capital requirements will continue to consist primarily of, the following: • maintenance capital expenditures, which are capital expenditures made to
maintain the operating capacity of our assets and extend their useful
lives, to replace partially or fully depreciated assets, or other capital
expenditures that are incurred in maintaining our existing business and related operating income; and
• expansion capital expenditures, which are capital expenditures made to
expand the operating capacity or operating income capacity of assets,
including by acquisition of compression units or through modification of
existing compression units to increase their capacity, or to replace
certain partially or fully depreciated assets that were not currently
generating operating income.
We classify capital expenditures as maintenance or expansion on an individual asset basis. Over the long term, we expect that our maintenance capital expenditure requirements will continue to increase as the overall size and age of our fleet increases. Our aggregate maintenance capital expenditures for the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018 were$29.6 million and$32.5 million , respectively. We currently plan to spend approximately$32.0 million in maintenance capital expenditures during 2020, including parts consumed from inventory. Given our growth objectives and anticipated demand from our customers we anticipate that we will continue to make expansion capital expenditures. Without giving effect to any equipment we may acquire pursuant to any future acquisitions, we currently have budgeted between$110.0 million and$120.0 million in expansion capital expenditures during 2020. Our expansion capital expenditures for the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018 were$170.3 million and$208.7 million , respectively. Revolving Credit Facility As ofDecember 31, 2019 , we were in compliance with all of our covenants under the Credit Agreement. As ofDecember 31, 2019 , we had outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement of$402.7 million ,$1.2 billion of borrowing base availability and, subject to compliance with the applicable financial covenants, available borrowing capacity of$484.4 million . As ofFebruary 13, 2020 , we had outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement of$422.5 million . We expect to remain in compliance with our covenants under the Credit Agreement throughout 2020. If our current cash flow projections prove to be inaccurate, we expect to be able to remain in compliance with such financial covenants by taking one or more of the following actions: issue debt and equity securities in conjunction with the acquisition of another business; issue equity in a public or private offering; request a modification of our covenants from our bank group; reduce distributions from our current distribution rate or obtain an equity infusion pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement. For a more detailed description of the Credit Agreement including the covenants and restrictions contained therein, please refer to Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". Senior Notes OnMarch 7, 2019 , the Partnership andFinance Corp co-issued$750.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes due onSeptember 1, 2027 (the "Senior Notes 2027"). The Senior Notes 2027 accrue interest fromMarch 7, 2019 at the rate of 6.875% per year. Interest on the Senior Notes 2027 is payable semi-annually in arrears on each ofMarch 1 andSeptember 1 , with the first such payment having occurred onSeptember 1, 2019 . OnDecember 18, 2019 , the Partnership closed an exchange offer whereby holders of the Senior Notes 2027 exchanged all of the Senior Notes 2027 for an equivalent amount of senior notes ("Exchange Notes 2027") registered under the Securities Act. The Exchange Notes 2027 are substantially identical to the Senior Notes 2027, except that the Exchange Notes 2027 have been registered with theSEC and do not contain the transfer restrictions, restrictive legends, registration rights or additional interest provisions of the Senior Notes 2027. 52
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See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for information regarding the Senior Notes. Distribution Reinvestment Plan During the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018, distributions of$1.0 million and$0.6 million , respectively, were reinvested under the DRIP resulting in the issuance of 60,584 and 39,280 common units, respectively. Such distributions are treated as non-cash transactions in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this report. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for more information regarding the DRIP. Total Contractual Cash Obligations The following table summarizes our total contractual cash obligations as ofDecember 31, 2019 (in thousands): Payments Due by
Period
Less than 1 More than Contractual Obligations Total year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years 5 years Long-term debt (1)$ 1,877,722 $ - $ -$ 402,722 $ 1,475,000 Interest on long-term debt obligations (2) 807,487 123,253 246,507 208,274 229,453 Equipment and capital purchases (3) 49,267 49,267 - - - Operating and finance lease obligations (4) 36,078 5,311 8,587 7,773 14,407 Total contractual cash obligations$ 2,770,554 $ 177,831 $ 255,094
________________________________
(1) We assumed that the amount outstanding under the Credit Agreement at
facility. The
2026 outstanding is due
principal amount of our Senior Notes 2027 outstanding is due
2027.
(2) Represents future interest payments under the Credit Agreement based on
outstanding borrowings as of
rate and unused commitment fee as of
respectively, and interest payments on our
amount of the Senior Notes.
(3) Represents commitments for new compression units that are being fabricated
and is a component of our overall projected expansion capital expenditures
during 2020 of
(4) Represents commitments for future minimum lease payments on noncancelable
operating and finance leases.
Effects of Inflation. Our revenues and results of operations have not been materially impacted by inflation and changing prices in the past three fiscal years. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet financing activities. Please refer to Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" included in this report for a description of our commitments and contingencies. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our financial statements. These financial statements were prepared in conformity with GAAP. As such, we are required to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. We base our estimates on historical experience, available information and various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates; however, actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The accounting policies that 53
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we believe require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and are the most critical to its reporting of results of operations and financial position are as follows: Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of our services or goods. Revenue is measured at the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for providing services or transferring goods. Sales taxes incurred on behalf of, and passed through to, customers are excluded from revenue. Incidental items, if any, that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. Contract operations revenue Revenue from contracted compression, station, gas treating and maintenance services is recognized ratably under our fixed-fee contracts over the term of the contract as services are provided to our customers. Initial contract terms typically range from six months to five years, however we usually continue to provide compression services at a specific location beyond the initial contract term, either through contract renewal or on a month-to-month or longer basis. We primarily enter into fixed-fee contracts whereby our customers are required to pay our monthly fee even during periods of limited or disrupted throughput. Services are generally billed monthly, one month in advance of the commencement of the service month, except for certain customers who are billed at the beginning of the service month, and payment is generally due 30 days after receipt of our invoice. Amounts invoiced in advance are recorded as deferred revenue until earned, at which time they are recognized as revenue. The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize is based upon the fixed fee rate stated in each service contract. Retail parts and services revenue Retail parts and services revenue is earned primarily on freight and crane charges that are directly reimbursable by our customers and maintenance work on units at our customers' locations that are outside the scope of our core maintenance activities. Revenue from retail parts and services is recognized at the point in time the part is transferred or service is provided and control is transferred to the customer. At such time, the customer has the ability to direct the use of the benefits of such part or service after we have performed our services. We bill upon completion of the service or transfer of the parts, and payment is generally due 30 days after receipt of our invoice. The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize is based upon the invoice amount. There are typically no material obligations for returns, refunds, or warranties. Our standard contracts do not usually include material variable or non-cash consideration. Business Combinations andGoodwill Goodwill acquired in connection with business combinations represents the excess of consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired. Certain assumptions and estimates are employed in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually based on the carrying values as ofOctober 1 , or more frequently if impairment indicators arise that suggest the carrying value of goodwill may not be recovered.Goodwill - Impairment Assessments We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually onOctober 1 and whenever events or changes indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of our single business reporting unit could be less than its carrying value (including goodwill). The timing of the annual test may result in charges to our statement of operations in our fourth fiscal quarter that could not have been reasonably foreseen in prior periods. We estimate the fair value of our reporting unit based on a number of factors, including the potential value we would receive if we sold the reporting unit, enterprise value, discount rates and projected cash flows. Estimating projected cash flows requires us to make certain assumptions as it relates to future operating performance. When considering operating performance, various factors are considered such as current and changing economic conditions and the commodity price environment, among others. Due to the imprecise nature of these projections and assumptions, actual results can, and often do, differ from our estimates. If the growth assumptions embodied in the current year impairment testing prove inaccurate, we could incur an impairment charge in the future. As ofDecember 31, 2019 , the Partnership had$619.4 million of goodwill, of which$366.0 million was determined as part of the purchase price allocation to the Partnership's assets acquired by theUSA Compression Predecessor. 54
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As ofOctober 1, 2019 and 2018, we performed a qualitative assessment of relevant events and circumstances potentially indicating the likelihood of goodwill impairment. The qualitative assessment included weighting such factors as (i) macroeconomic conditions, (ii) industry and market considerations, (iii) cost factors, (iv) overall financial performance of the reporting unit, (v) other relevant entity-specific events, and (vi) consideration of whether there was a sustained decrease in the price of our units. Upon completion of our qualitative assessment, we concluded that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of our single reporting unit was less than its carrying value and that our goodwill was not impaired for the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018. One key assumption for the measurement of goodwill impairment is management's estimate of future cash flows and EBITDA. These estimates are based on the annual budget for the upcoming year and forecasted amounts for multiple subsequent years. The annual budget process is typically completed near the annual goodwill impairment testing date, and management uses the most recent information for the annual impairment tests. The forecast is also subjected to a comprehensive update annually in conjunction with the annual budget process and is revised periodically to reflect new information and/or revised expectations. As discussed above, estimates of fair value can be affected by a variety of external and internal factors. Volatility in crude oil prices can cause disruptions in global energy industries and markets. Potential events or circumstances that could reasonably be expected to negatively affect the key assumptions we used in estimating the fair value of our reporting unit include the consolidation or failure of crude oil and natural gas producers, which may result in a smaller market for services and may cause us to lose key customers, and cost-cutting efforts by crude oil and natural gas producers, which may cause us to lose current or potential customers or achieve less revenue per customer. We continue to monitor the$619.4 million balance of goodwill and if the estimated fair value of our reporting unit declines due to any of these or other factors, we may be required to record future goodwill impairment charges. Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, and intangible assets, comprise a significant amount of our total assets. Long-lived assets to be held and used by us are reviewed to determine whether any events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, we base our evaluation on impairment indicators such as the nature of the assets, the future economic benefit of the assets, the consistency of performance characteristics of compression units in our idle fleet with the performance characteristics of our revenue generating horsepower, any historical or future profitability measurements and other external market conditions or factors that may be present. If such impairment indicators are present or other factors exist that indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, we determine whether an impairment has occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flows analysis. If an impairment has occurred, we recognize a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the asset. The fair value of the asset is measured using quoted market prices or, in the absence of quoted market prices, is based on an estimate of discounted cash flows, the expected net sale proceeds compared to other similarly configured fleet units we recently sold, a review of other units recently offered for sale by third parties, or the estimated component value of similar equipment we plan to continue to use. Potential events or circumstances that could reasonably be expected to negatively affect the key assumptions we used in estimating whether or not the carrying value of our long-lived assets are recoverable include the consolidation or failure of crude oil and natural gas producers, which may result in a smaller market for services and may cause us to lose key customers, and cost-cutting efforts by crude oil and natural gas producers, which may cause us to lose current or potential customers or achieve less revenue per customer. If our projections of cash flows associated with our units decline, we may have to record an impairment of compression equipment in future periods. For the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018, we evaluated the future deployment of our idle fleet under then-current market conditions and determined to retire and re-utilize key components of 33 and 103 compressor units, respectively, or approximately 11,000 and 33,000 horsepower, respectively, that were previously used to provide services in our business. As a result, we recorded$5.9 million and$8.7 million in impairment of compression equipment for the years endedDecember 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The primary causes for this impairment were: (i) units were not considered marketable in the foreseeable future, (ii) units were subject to excessive maintenance costs or (iii) units were unlikely to be accepted by customers due to certain performance characteristics of the unit, such as the inability to meet then-current quoting criteria without excessive retrofitting costs. These compression units were written down to their respective estimated salvage values, if any. Allowances and Reserves We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts based on specific customer collection issues and historical experience. The determination of the allowance for doubtful accounts requires us to make estimates and judgments regarding our customers' ability 55
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to pay amounts due. On an ongoing basis, we conduct an evaluation of the financial strength of our customers based on payment history, the overall business climate in which our customers operate and specific identification of customer bad debt and make adjustments to the allowance as necessary. Our evaluation of our customers' financial strength is based on the aging of their respective receivables balance, customer correspondence, financial information and third-party credit ratings. Our evaluation of the business climate in which our customers operate is based on a review of various publicly-available materials regarding our customers' industries, including the solvency of various companies in the industry. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For discussion on the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 Leases and other specific recent accounting pronouncements affecting us, please see Note 2 and Note 18, respectively, to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Commodity Price Risk Market risk is the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices. We do not take title to any natural gas or crude oil in connection with our services and, accordingly, have no direct exposure to fluctuating commodity prices. However, the demand for our compression services depends upon the continued demand for, and production of, natural gas and crude oil. Sustained low natural gas or crude oil prices over the long term could result in a decline in the production of natural gas or crude oil, which could result in reduced demand for our compression services. We do not intend to hedge our indirect exposure to fluctuating commodity prices. A one percent decrease in average revenue generating horsepower during the year endedDecember 31, 2019 would have resulted in a decrease of approximately$6.6 million and$4.4 million in our revenue and gross operating margin, respectively. Gross operating margin is a non-GAAP financial measure. For a reconciliation of gross operating margin to net income (loss), its most directly comparable financial measure, calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, please read Part II, Item 6 "Selected Financial Data - Non-GAAP Financial Measures". Please also read Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Business - A long-term reduction in the demand for, or production of, natural gas or crude oil in the locations where we operate could adversely affect the demand for our services or the prices we charge for our services, which could result in a decrease in our revenues and cash available for distribution to unitholders". Interest Rate Risk We are exposed to market risk due to variable interest rates under our Credit Agreement. As ofDecember 31, 2019 , we had approximately$402.7 million of variable-rate outstanding indebtedness at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.31%. A one percent increase or decrease in the effective interest rate on our variable-rate outstanding debt as ofDecember 31, 2019 would result in an annual increase or decrease in our interest expense of approximately$4.0 million . For further information regarding our exposure to interest rate fluctuations on our debt obligations, see Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". Although we do not currently hedge our variable rate debt, we may, in the future, hedge all or a portion of such debt. Credit Risk Our credit exposure generally relates to receivables for services provided. If any significant customer of ours should have credit or financial problems resulting in a delay or failure to repay the amount it owes us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements and supplementary information specified by this Item are presented in Part IV, Item 15 "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules". ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. 56
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