The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on and should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes in "Item 1. Financial Statements" contained herein and our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Among other things, those consolidated financial statements include more detailed information regarding the basis of presentation for the following discussion and analysis. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Please also read the "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" following the table of contents in this Report.

We denote amounts denominated in Canadian dollars with "C$" immediately prior to the stated amount.

Overview

We are a fee-based, growth-oriented master limited partnership formed by our sponsor, USD, to acquire, develop and operate midstream infrastructure and complementary logistics solutions for crude oil, biofuels and other energy-related products. We generate substantially all of our operating cash flows from multi-year, take-or-pay contracts with primarily investment grade customers, including major integrated oil companies, refiners and marketers. Our network of crude oil terminals facilitates the transportation of heavy crude oil from Western Canada to key demand centers across North America. Our operations include railcar loading and unloading, storage and blending in onsite tanks, inbound and outbound pipeline connectivity, truck transloading, as well as other related logistics services. We also provide our customers with leased railcars and fleet services to facilitate the transportation of liquid hydrocarbons by rail.

We generally do not take ownership of the products that we handle nor do we receive any payments from our customers based on the value of such products. We may on occasion enter into buy-sell arrangements in which we take temporary title to commodities while in our terminals. We expect any such arrangements to be at fixed prices where we do not take any exposure to changes in commodity prices.

We believe rail will continue as an important transportation option for energy producers, refiners and marketers due to its unique advantages relative to other transportation means. Specifically, rail transportation of energy-related products provides flexible access to key demand centers on a relatively low fixed-cost basis with faster physical delivery, while preserving the specific quality of customer products over long distances.

USDG, a wholly-owned subsidiary of USD, and the sole owner of our general partner, is engaged in designing, developing, owning, and managing large-scale multi-modal logistics centers and energy-related infrastructure across North America. USDG's solutions create flexible market access for customers in significant growth areas and key demand centers, including Western Canada, the U.S. Gulf Coast and Mexico. Among other projects, USDG is currently pursuing the development of a premier energy logistics terminal on the Houston Ship Channel with capacity for substantial tank storage, multiple docks (including barge and deepwater), inbound and outbound pipeline connectivity, as well as a rail terminal with unit train capabilities.

USDG completed an expansion project in January 2019 at the Partnership's Hardisty Terminal, referred to herein as Hardisty South, which added one and one-half 120-railcar unit trains of transloading capacity per day, or approximately 112,500 barrels per day, or bpd. In April 2022, we acquired 100% of the entities owning the Hardisty South Terminal assets from USDG, exchanged our sponsor's economic general partner interest in us for a non-economic general partner interest and eliminated our sponsor's IDRs for a total consideration of $75.0 million in cash and 5,751,136 common units, that was made effective as of April 1, 2022. The acquisition of the Hardisty South Terminal increases the size, scale and growth capacity of the Partnership's asset base, while optimizing operational and commercial synergies of the Hardisty Terminal in order to capitalize on the growth benefits



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associated with the Sponsor's Diluent Recovery Unit, or DRU, program. For more information on our drop down acquisition of the Hardisty South Terminal, refer to Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 17. Subsequent Events of this Quarterly Report.

USD's Diluent Recovery Unit and Port Arthur Terminal Projects

During 2021, USD, along with its joint venture partner, Gibson, successfully completed construction on and placed into service the DRU at the Hardisty Terminal, as a part of a long-term solution to transport heavier grades of crude oil produced in Western Canada by rail. USD also placed into service a new destination terminal in Port Arthur, Texas, or PAT. Refer to the Growth Opportunities for our Operations section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 for further information.

Recent Developments

Market Update

Substantially all of our operating cash flows are generated from take-or-pay contracts and, as a result, are not directly related to actual throughput volumes at our crude oil terminals. Throughput volumes at our terminals are primarily influenced by the difference in price between Western Canadian Select, or WCS, and other grades of crude oil, commonly referred to as spreads, rather than absolute price levels. WCS spreads are influenced by several market factors, including the availability of supplies relative to the level of demand from refiners and other end users, the price and availability of alternative grades of crude oil, the availability of takeaway capacity, as well as transportation costs from supply areas to demand centers.

Impact of Current Market Events

Given that crude oil prices have recovered and are higher than pre-COVID levels, Canadian production that was temporarily shut-in due to COVID-19 has also returned to pre-COVID levels. Additionally, in January 2022, the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, or CAPP, announced that they are forecasting a $6 billion dollar increase in planned upstream oil and gas spending as compared to 2021 levels. The expected growth spending for 2022 would mark the second straight year of significant increases in investment as Canadian producers look to capitalize on stronger commodity prices due to rapidly growing global demand for natural gas and crude oil. In addition, the Natural Resources Minister for Canada recently announced that Canada has the production capacity to increase its 2022 oil and gas exports incrementally by 300,000 barrels per day in response to supply shortages brought on by the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.

However, recent events have led to lower than anticipated Canadian production levels including recent extreme cold weather events in Canada, which caused unplanned production outages that led to a reduction in supply. Additionally, in the fourth quarter of 2021, two new pipeline projects were placed into service, creating a one time demand events for line fill. Also, in the first quarter of 2022, Canadian producers entered into a maintenance cycle, reducing supply seeking egress from Western Canada. The combination of these specific supply and demand events jointly contributed to the record draw on inventories that began in December 2021 and continued through first quarter 2022, resulting in historically low inventories levels.

Despite the events discussed above and based on the forecasted production increases in Canada, we expect that inventory levels in the second half of 2022 will build back up to the higher levels that existed during the second half of 2021. This should drive pipeline apportionment levels higher, which we expect will lead to higher demand for a crude by rail egress solution. However the extent and duration of any increases in apportionment or inventory levels are difficult to predict, if such increases occur at all.

Another factor that may contribute to the demand for a crude by rail egress solution is the significant regulatory and legal obstacles that pipeline projects and existing pipelines experience in the U.S and Canada. For example, it was recently announced by Trans Mountain Corporation, or TMC, that the cost of the Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion project has nearly doubled and the timeline for completing the project has now been extended out further into 2023. This prompted the Canadian Government to announce that it is cutting off funding for the project and advised TMC to secure the necessary funding from public debt markets or financial institutions. The



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Canadian government does not plan to be the long-term owner of the pipeline and expects to launch a sale process in due course. As environmental, regulatory and political challenges to increase pipeline export capacity remain, crude by rail exports will remain a valuable egress solution.

In the long-term, as stated above, we expect demand for rail capacity at our terminals to continue to increase over the next several years and potentially longer if proposed pipeline developments do not meet currently planned timelines and regulatory or other challenges to pipeline projects persist. Our Hardisty and Casper terminals, with established capacity and scalable designs, are well-positioned as strategic outlets to meet takeaway needs as Western Canadian crude oil supplies continue to exceed available pipeline takeaway capacity. Also, as previously discussed, USD along with its partner, successfully completed construction of and placed into service a diluent recovery unit, or DRU, at the Hardisty Terminal, as a part of a long-term solution to transport heavier grades of crude oil produced in Western Canada by rail. Additionally, we believe our Stroud Terminal provides an advantageous rail destination for Western Canadian crude oil given the optionality provided by its connectivity to the Cushing hub and multiple refining centers across the United States. Rail also generally provides a greater ability to preserve the specific quality of a customer's product relative to pipelines, providing value to a producer or refiner. We expect these advantages, including our origin-to-destination capabilities, to continue to result in long-term contract extensions and expansion opportunities across our terminal network.

How We Generate Revenue

We conduct our business through two distinct reporting segments: Terminalling services and Fleet services. We have established these reporting segments as strategic business units to facilitate the achievement of our long-term objectives, to assist in resource allocation decisions and to assess operational performance.

Terminalling Services

The terminalling services segment includes a network of strategically-located terminals that provide customers with railcar loading and/or unloading capacity, as well as related logistics services, for crude oil and biofuels. Substantially all of our cash flows are generated under multi-year, take-or-pay terminal services agreements that include minimum monthly commitment fees. We generally have no direct commodity price exposure, although fluctuating commodity prices could indirectly influence our activities and results of operations over the long term. We may on occasion enter into buy-sell arrangements in which we take temporary title to commodities while in our terminals. We expect any such agreements to be at fixed prices where we do not take commodity price exposure.

Our Hardisty Terminal is an origination terminal where we load into railcars various grades of Canadian crude oil received from Gibson's Hardisty storage terminal. Our Hardisty Terminal can load up to two 120-railcar unit trains per day and consists of a fixed loading rack with approximately 30 railcar loading positions, a unit train staging area and loop tracks capable of holding five unit trains simultaneously.

Our Stroud Terminal is a crude oil destination terminal in Stroud, Oklahoma, which we use to facilitate rail-to-pipeline shipments of crude oil from our Hardisty Terminal to the crude oil storage hub located in Cushing, Oklahoma. The Stroud Terminal includes 76-acres with current unit train unloading capacity of approximately 50,000 Bpd, two onsite tanks with 140,000 barrels of capacity, one truck bay, and a 12-inch diameter, 17-mile pipeline with a direct connection to the crude oil storage hub in Cushing Oklahoma. Our Stroud Terminal was purchased in June 2017 and commenced operations in October 2017.

Our Casper Terminal is a crude oil storage, blending and railcar loading terminal. The terminal currently offers six storage tanks with 900,000 barrels of total capacity, unit train-capable railcar loading capacity in excess of 100,000 bpd, as well as truck transloading capacity. Our Casper Terminal is supplied with multiple grades of Canadian crude oil through a direct connection with the Express Pipeline. Additionally, the Casper Terminal has a connection from the Platte terminal, where it has access to other pipelines and can receive other grades of crude oil, including locally sourced Wyoming sour crude oil. The Casper Terminal can also receive volumes through one truck unloading station and is also equipped with one truck loading station. Additionally, to supplement the rail loading options from the terminal, we constructed an outbound pipeline connection from the Casper Terminal to the nearby



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Platte terminal located at the termination point of the Express pipeline that was placed into service in December 2019.

Our West Colton Terminal is a unit train-capable destination terminal that can transload up to 13,000 bpd of ethanol and renewable diesel received from producers by rail onto trucks to meet local demand in the San Bernardino and Riverside County-Inland Empire region of Southern California. The West Colton Terminal has 20 railcar offloading positions and four truck loading positions.

Fleet Services

We provide one of our customers with leased railcars and fleet services related to the transportation of liquid hydrocarbons by rail on multi-year, take-or-pay terms under a master fleet services agreement. We do not own any railcars. As of March 31, 2022, our railcar fleet consisted of 200 railcars, which we lease from a railcar manufacturer, all of which are coiled and insulated, or C&I, railcars. The weighted average remaining contract life on our railcar fleet is nine months as of March 31, 2022.

Under the master fleet services agreement, we provide customers with railcar-specific fleet services, which may include, among other things, the provision of relevant administrative and billing services, the repair and maintenance of railcars in accordance with standard industry practice and applicable law, the management and tracking of the movement of railcars, the regulatory and administrative reporting and compliance as required in connection with the movement of railcars, and the negotiation for and sourcing of railcars. Our customer typically pays us and our assignees monthly fees per railcar for these services, which include a component for fleet services.

Historically, we contracted with railroads on behalf of some of our customers to arrange for the movement of railcars from our terminals to the destinations selected by our customers. We were the contracting party with the railroads for those shipments and were responsible to the railroads for the related fees charged by the railroads, for which we were reimbursed by our customers. Both the fees charged by the railroads to us and the reimbursement of these fees by our customers are included in our consolidated statements of operations in the revenues and operating costs line items entitled "Freight and other reimbursables."

Also, we have historically assisted our customers with procuring railcars to facilitate their use of our terminal services. Our wholly-owned subsidiary USD Rail LP has historically entered into leases with third-party manufacturers of railcars and financial firms, which it has then leased to customers. Although we expect to continue to assist our customers in obtaining railcars for their use transporting crude oil to or from our terminals, we do not intend to continue to act as an intermediary between railcar lessors and our customers as our existing lease agreements expire, are otherwise terminated, or are assigned to our existing customers. Should market conditions change, we could potentially act as an intermediary with railcar lessors on behalf of our customers again in the future. How We Evaluate Our Operations

Our management uses a variety of financial and operating metrics to evaluate our operations. When we evaluate our consolidated operations and related liquidity, we consider these metrics to be significant factors in assessing our ability to generate cash and pay distributions and include: (i) Adjusted EBITDA and DCF; (ii) operating costs; and (iii) volumes. We define Adjusted EBITDA and DCF below. When evaluating our operations at the segment level, we evaluate using Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Refer to Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 12. Segment Reporting of this Quarterly Report.

Adjusted EBITDA and Distributable Cash Flow

We define Adjusted EBITDA as "Net cash provided by operating activities" adjusted for changes in working capital items, interest, income taxes, foreign currency transaction gains and losses, and other items which do not affect the underlying cash flows produced by our businesses. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP, supplemental financial measure used by management and external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks, to assess:



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•our liquidity and the ability of our business to produce sufficient cash flow to make distributions to our unitholders; and

•our ability to incur and service debt and fund capital expenditures.

We define Distributable Cash Flow, or DCF, as Adjusted EBITDA less net cash paid for interest, income taxes and maintenance capital expenditures. DCF does not reflect changes in working capital balances. DCF is a non-GAAP, supplemental financial measure used by management and by external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks, to assess:

•the amount of cash available for making distributions to our unitholders;

•the excess cash flow being retained for use in enhancing our existing business; and

•the sustainability of our current distribution rate per unit.

We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and DCF in this Report provides information that enhances an investor's understanding of our ability to generate cash for payment of distributions and other purposes. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA and DCF is "Net cash provided by operating activities." Adjusted EBITDA and DCF should not be considered alternatives to "Net cash provided by operating activities" or any other measure of liquidity presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA and DCF exclude some, but not all, items that affect "Net cash provided by operating activities," and these measures may vary among other companies. As a result, Adjusted EBITDA and DCF may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of "Net cash provided by operating activities," the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA and DCF:

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