RENOVARO INC. Forward-Looking Statement Notice
Certain statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are "forward-looking statements" (within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) regarding the plans and objectives of management for future operations. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements ofEnochian Biosciences, Inc. ("Enochian", and together with its subsidiaries, the "Company", "we" or "us") to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included herein are based on current expectations that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual future results and trends may differ materially depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with theSEC onSeptember 24, 2021 . The Company's plans and objectives are based, in part, on assumptions involving the continued expansion of the business. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond the control of the Company. Although the Company believes its assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of the assumptions could prove inaccurate and, therefore, there can be no assurance the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report will prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by the Company or any other person that the objectives and plans of the Company will be achieved. Our Business We are a pre-clinical stage biotechnology company committed to using our genetically modified cell, gene, and immune therapy technologies to potentially prevent or cure HIV, HBV, influenza and coronavirus infections, as well as to provide potentially long-term or life-long cancer remission in some of the deadliest cancers. Over the past several years,Enochian BioSciences Inc. has expanded the pipeline from a single potential cure for HIV (autologous transplantation with gene-modified cells; ENOB-HV-01) to three additional potential cures for HIV, a potential cure for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), potential inhaled treatment and prophylaxis/prevention of all variants of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 (the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic), and potential cures for many solid tumors, beginning with pancreatic cancer. Our integrated platforms encompass innovative interventions in gene and immune therapies that provide hope for cures or life-long remissions for devastating diseases. Our platforms can potentially streamline and accelerate pre-clinical, regulatory, clinical, and production pathways. Because of the relative ease of administration, our potentially groundbreaking interventions could be used
throughout the world. Platforms: Hijack RNA Our novel approach tricks the virus into sending suicide signals to the infected cell instead of turning the cell into a virus factory. The technology is delivered by vectors that would allow it to rapidly treat an infection, or to lay and wait in ambush until a cell becomes infected, which would prevent (prophylaxis, similar to taking drugs to protect from becoming infected with malaria or HIV) future infections.
The delivery mechanism can be adapted for aerosol (e.g., respiratory infections like the virus that causes COVID-19 and influenza), intravenous or other delivery mechanisms (e.g. for Hepatitis B Virus and HIV).
AllogeneicCell Therapy
The human immune system is designed to recognize "self" and destroy "otherness" or "non-self", such as bacteria, viruses and cancer cells.
Alloreactivity (reacting against another person's cells) is the most powerful response the immune system generates. Several of our technologies take advantage of the alloreactivity to hyperstimulate a person's immune response to better attack a chronic infection (e.g. HIV) or solid tumors. In certain treatments (e.g. HIV and cancer), cells taken from healthy donors are sometimes genetically modified to further boost the immune system to seek and kill diseases. In addition to those platforms,Enochian BioSciences has an innovative approach to remove cells from a person living with HIV and genetically modify them so they cannot be infected with HIV. The unique innovation is an additional genetic alteration to increase the ability of those cells to survive and expand when they are given back to the same person (autologous transplantation). To date, our operations have been funded by sales of our securities and the issuance of debt. We have never generated any sales revenue, and we expect this to continue until our therapies or products are approved for marketing inthe United States and/orEurope . Even if we are successful in having our therapies or products approved for sale inthe United States and/orEurope , we cannot guarantee that a market for the therapies or products will develop. We may
never be profitable. Respiratory Diseases InJune 2021 ,Enochian BioSciences acquired the exclusive license to a potential pan-SARS-Cornavirus-1 and-2 (SARS-CoV) and pan-Influenza inhaled treatment
and prophylaxis. SARS-CoV-2 has caused the most devastating global pandemic in a century - COVID-19. Using the Hijack RNA platform technology, in vitro and in vivo results showing rapid killing of infected cells but not uninfected cells were presented at the important Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections inMarch 2021 . Since that time, there has been substantial progress with a Pre-IND (as defined below) submission expected in the near term. 22
Influenza has caused dozens of major global pandemics; the most notable in 1918 that killed 50 to 100 million people. There was an H1N1 threat as recently as 2009. The Hijack RNA also has shown promising in vitro results that were presented at the Annual Conference of theAmerican Society of Gene andCell Therapy (ASGCT) inMay 2020 . Two leading scientists and public health experts were announced as members of our newly formedScientific Advisory Board focused on respiratory diseases
onAugust 30, 2021 .
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
HIV attacks the human immune system, specifically killing off CD4+ cells, or T cells, which play a central, controlling role in the immune system. Left untreated, HIV dramatically reduces the number of T cells in the body, devastates the immune system, leading to AIDS, a condition where the immune system cannot fight off life-threatening infections and cancers.
Currently there are over 30 antiretroviral drugs, or ART, approved by theU.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") to treat HIV but these drugs are expensive, require daily adherence, and can have significant side effects over time. In addition, on a global basis, as many as 1 million people, including persons in high-income countries, continue to die each year from HIV/AIDS due to drug-resistant HIV or lack of access to treatment. To date, there are no treatments that can eliminate the reservoir of immune cells that are infected with HIV from the body. Consequently, treatment for HIV is life-long. There have been several efforts to cure HIV by re-engineering a person's own T-cells so that these cells no longer express a special protein (C-C chemokine co-receptor type 5 or CCR5), which HIV uses to gain entry to them. A naturally occurring mutation that blocks expression of CCR5 on T cells occurs in ~1% of persons living in or fromNorthern Europe with no known adverse effects. The "Berlin patient", and more recently the "London patient" were HIV-positive persons who developed cancer and were treated with a bone marrow transplant with cells donated from persons with this naturally occurring mutation of CCR5. TheBerlin andLondon patients seem to have been effectively cured from HIV providing proof-of-concept that HIV can be cured. However, because the transplanted cells come from another person, such transplants carry high risk and can result in death in a significant proportion of patients. Given the success with these two patients, several researchers and companies have attempted to replicate this experience by genetically modifying T cells of HIV-positive patients to render them unable to be infected by HIV and then returning them to the patient. Because the transplanted cells are from the same person, the risks to the patient are much lower. The uptake, or engraftment of the modified T cells, however, has not been optimal, leading to failure to achieve a cure. In addition, the transplant pre-treatment that has been used is bone marrow-destroying chemotherapy, which wipes out the patient's immune system and can have long-term side effects including the risk of developing cancer. ENOB-HV-01 is a novel, proprietary approach with the potential to overcome the failures of recent efforts to develop a cure for HIV. The intervention provides gene-modified T cells with a competitive advantage over non-modified cells in the HIV-positive person, with the potential to significantly increase engraftment; and avoid the need for chemotherapy that substantially depletes the bone marrow and could potentially be given as an outpatient treatment. The Company met with the FDA INTERACT team onJune 2, 2020 . INTERACT is the first available FDA interaction and is a key step in the process towards a potential Investigational New Drug Application (IND) to study First-in-Human products potentially leading to marketing authorization via Biologics License Application (BLA).The FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) has numerous INTERACT requests and grants meetings that are deemed appropriate for this early FDA engagement. The Enochian management team considered the meeting to be successful with strong alignment between Enochian's approach to developing ENOB-HV-01 and the comments of the FDA reviewers. Initial scientific findings from a mouse study on the ENOB-HV-01 approach were presented at the annual ASCGT conference inMay 2020 . Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are ongoing and/or planned. We hope to make a Pre-IND submission to theUS FDA in the latter part of 2022. We are also developing ENOB-HV-11 and ENOB-HV-12 that will utilize a novel cellular- and immunotherapy approach that could potentially provide both preventative and therapeutic vaccines for HIV. A non-human primate study is in process and on schedule. Preliminary results could potentially be available
by the latter part of 2022. 23
Our co-founder and inventor, Dr. Serhat Gumrukcu, who is also the Director ofSeraph Research Institute (SRI), submitted Pre-IND for ENOB-HV-21 an innovative treatment of Natural Killer (NK) and Gamma Delta T-Cells (GDT) collected from another person. It is believed that the GDT cells, a small subset of immune cells that can be infected with HIV, could be a key factor in controlling the virus. The initial scientific findings were presented during theASCGT Conference this past May.Enochian BioSciences has an exclusive license to use the underlying patent to develop ENOB-HV-21 for the prevention, treatment, and/or amelioration of and/or therapy exclusively for HIV in humans, and research and development exclusively relating to HIV in humans.
We are in the development phase of additional product candidates related to our HIV pipeline. ENOB-HV-31, which is an in vivo gene therapy, and ENOB-HV-32, which is a peptide drug for packaging and distribution.
Hepatitis B (HBV) Despite the availability of an effective vaccine and treatment that can control infection if it is taken daily for life, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the world's most common serious liver infection. While vaccines are increasingly required for children, many adults have not been vaccinated. Life-long treatment can be difficult for certain people and access can be limited. In that regard, HBV remains the leading cause of liver cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Two billion people have been infected with HBV, approximately 350 million have chronic HBV infection, and nearly one million people die every year. Current efforts to develop novel treatment or cure largely focus on approaches to deplete the pool of a certain type of HBV DNA.Enochian BioSciences has collaborated with SRI to develop an innovative approach to co-opt HBV polymerase, a key expanding factor that the virus needs to reproduce itself, to induce the death of liver cells infected with the virus. OnJuly 27, 2020 ,Enochian BioSciences announced the creation of anHBV Scientific Advisory Board comprised of distinguished leaders in HBV disease, treatment and cure. OnAugust 23, 2021 , we announced the addition of a third leading expert with substantial experience in HBV clinical trials. The initial in vitro and in vivo work was presented at the biannual HEP DART meeting in December of 2019, where it was selected as one of the best new therapies/novel strategies. Additional data was presented at the annual ASCGT conference inMay 2020 . A proof-of-concept, in vivo cure study is in advanced stages. A Pre-IND request was accepted. Cancer
Based on learning from peer-reviewed publications of Phase I/IIa trials, we have designed an innovative therapeutic vaccination platform that could potentially be used to induce life-long remissions from some of the deadliest solid tumors. Initial preclinical in vitro studies have been encouraging. We initially plan to target pancreatic cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, glioblastoma, and renal cell carcinoma. The platform might also allow for non-specific immune enhancement that could have impact against a broad array of solid tumors. As with HIV, our approach would potentially allow for outpatient therapy without ablating or significantly impairing the patient's immune system, as many current approaches require. Through a collaboration with a leader in the field of pancreatic cancer, our first cancer-related therapeutic target, we are developing the pipeline with in vitro and in vivo proof-of-concept studies to evaluate the potential to induce long-term remission or cure. Results are expected in late 2021or first half
2022. Recent Developments
On
24 OnSeptember 27, 2021 , the Company announced the completion of a Pre-Investigational New Drug (IND) process following receipt of written comments from the U.S. Food andDrug Administration (FDA) Center for Biologics Evaluation andResearch (CBER) Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT) for ENOB-HB-01 . OnOctober 18, 2021 , the Company announced the completion of an Investigator Pre-Investigational New Drug (IND) process following receipt of written comments from the U.S. Food andDrug Administration (FDA) Center for Biologics Evaluation andResearch (CBER) Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT) for ENOB-HV-21 . Corporate History OnFebruary 16, 2018 , we completed our acquisition of Enochian Biopharma pursuant to an acquisition agreement, datedJanuary 12, 2018 , by and among the Registrant, its wholly owned subsidiaryDanDrit Acquisition Sub, Inc. , EnochianBiopharma and Weird Science with Enochian Biopharma surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant. As consideration for the acquisition, the stockholders of Enochian Biopharma received (i) 18,081,962 shares of Common Stock and (ii) the right to receive contingent shares pro rata upon the exercise or conversion of warrants, which were outstanding at closing (see Note 7.)
COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, and to date has led to the implementation of various mitigation responses, including government-imposed quarantines, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures, as well as leading to reported adverse impacts on healthcare resources, facilities and providers acrossthe United States and in other countries. COVID-19 may cause delays in our research activities. To date, it has not materially affected our operations; however it has caused delays in the conduct of experiments due to limitations of various organizations, in particular those conducting experiments related to COVID-19. There have also been increases in the cost to conduct animal studies due to staffing and other limitations. The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our business and operations is subject to future developments, which are uncertain and difficult to predict. Further quarantines, shelter-in-place or similar restrictions and other actions taken or imposed by foreign, federal, state and local governments could adversely impact our or our partners' clinical, research and development, regulatory and manufacturing operations or timelines. We continue to monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and operations and will seek to adjust our activities as appropriate. In addition, the pandemic could result in significant and prolonged disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect the financial resources available to us. 25
Results of Operations for the three months ended
The following table sets forth our revenues, expenses and net loss for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 and 2020. The financial information below is derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. For the Three Months Ended September 30, Increase/(Decrease) 2021 2020 $ % Operating Expenses General and administrative expenses$ 4,466,697 $ 1,777,923 $ 2,688,774 151 % Research and development expenses 3,006,243 1,050,376 1,955,867 186 %
Depreciation and amortization 31,733 30,458 1,275 4 % Total Operating Expense 7,504,673 2,858,757 4,645,916 163 % LOSS FROM OPERATIONS (7,504,673 ) (2,858,757 ) (4,645,916 ) 163 % Other Income (Expense) Change in fair value of contingent consideration (2,824,642 ) 427,400 (3,252,042 ) (761 )% Interest expense (89,739 ) (92,313 ) 2,574 (3 )% Gain on currency transactions 9 - 9 100 % Interest income 7,110 4,306 2,804 65 % Total Other Income (Expense) (2,907,262 ) 339,393 (3,246,655 ) (957 )% Loss Before Income Taxes (10,411,935 ) (2,519,364 ) (7,892,571 ) 313 % Income Tax Benefit (Provision) (34 ) 122,794
(122,828 ) 100 % NET LOSS$ (10,411,969 ) $ (2,396,570 ) $ (8,015,399 ) 335 %
Results of Operations for the three months ended
Revenues
We are a pre-revenue, pre-clinical biotechnology company. We have never generated revenues and have incurred losses since inception. We do not anticipate earning any revenues until our therapies or products are approved for marketing and sale.
Expenses
Our operating expenses for the three months ended
General and administrative expenses for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , andSeptember 30, 2020 were$4,466,697 and$1,777,923 , respectively, representing an increase of$2,688,774 or approximately 151%. The variance is primarily related to an increase in stock based compensation of$2,401,819 , and an increase in compensation expense of$353,422 , partially offset by decreases in legal fees and consulting fees totaling$161,881 . Research and development expenses for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , andSeptember 30, 2020 were$3,006,243 and$1,050,3776 , respectively, representing an increase of$1,955,867 , or approximately 186%. The variance is primarily driven by a$1,500,000 milestone payment related to the pre-IND submission for ENOB-HB-01,$600,000 related to costs for ENOB-HV-21, an increase in CRO costs of$48,000 , Covid license payments of$75,000 , and$76,383 in additional regulatory consulting fees, partially offset by a decrease of$400,000 in payments of 3rd party R&D study fees incurred in the prior period but, not incurred in the current period. All other R&D costs have remained relatively stable during these periods. The Company recorded other (expense) of$2,907,262 for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , compared to other income of$339,393 for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , representing an increase in other expense of$3,246,655 or 957%. The variance is primarily due to the change in fair value of the contingent consideration liability expense of$3,252,042 . 26 Net Loss Net loss for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , and 2020, was$10,411,969 and$2,396,570 , respectively, representing an increase in loss of$8,015,399 or approximately 335%. The increase in loss was primarily due to the increase in expense related to the change in fair value of the contingent consideration of$3,252,042 , an increase in research and development expenses of$1,955,867 primarily related to the$1,500,000 milestone payment made in connection with the HBV license agreement and, costs related to ENOB-HV-21, and an increase in general and administrative expenses of$2,688,774 .
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have historically satisfied our capital and liquidity requirements through funding from shareholders, the sale of our Common Stock and warrants, and debt financing. We have never generated any sales revenue to support our operations and we expect this to continue until our therapies or products are approved for marketing inthe United States and/orEurope . Even if we are successful in having our therapies or products approved for sale inthe United States and/orEurope , we cannot guarantee that a market for the therapies or products will develop. We may never be profitable. At this time, we believe we have sufficient liquidity and access to committed funds to fund our operations for the next twelve months. We may need additional funds for (a) the purchase of equipment, (b) increases in personnel, and, (c) research and development, specifically to advance towards an Investigational New Drug Application (IND) following Pre-IND readouts from the FDA for ENOB-CV-01, ENOB-HB-01, ENOB-HV-01, and ENOB-HV-21. We will also require additional funding to continue our research and development of ENOB-HV-11/12 and ENOB-DC-11 and ENOB-FL-01 and -11 and ENOB-CV-11, to fund the Coronavirus and Influenza Indications License Agreement in furtherance of treatment related to all coronaviruses, and for possible future strategic acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies complementary to our business. If additional funds are required, we may raise such funds from time to time through public or private sales of our equity or debt securities. Such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, and our failure to raise capital when needed could materially adversely affect our growth plans and our financial condition and results of operations.
As of
Assets Total assets atSeptember 30, 2021 , were$184,064,717 compared to$189,605,225 as ofJune 30, 2021 . The decrease in total assets was primarily due to the decrease in cash of$5,287,360 . The change is primarily attributed to$3,006,243 in research and development costs primarily related to the HBV License Agreement and ENOB-HV-21 studies, and general and administrative expenses of$1,738,722 net of non-cash items. Liabilities Total liabilities atSeptember 30, 2021 , were$17,089,765 compared to$14,942,286 as ofJune 30, 2021 . The increase in total liabilities was primarily related to the increase of 2,824,642 in the contingent consideration liability as a result of mark-to-market adjustment, and the increase in accounts payable of$227,307 , partially offset by the reduction in accrued expenses of$817,554 due to timing, and a decrease in other short-term liabilities of$90,602 . 27
The following is a summary of the Company's cash flows (used by) or provided by operating, investing, and financing activities:
Three
Months
Ended Three Months
September 30 , Ended September 30,
2021 2020
(5,156 ) -
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities -
-
(Loss) Gain on Currency Translation (5,517 )
24,965
Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash Flows Cash used in operating activities for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2021 , and 2020 was ($5,276,687 ) and ($2,755,665 ), respectively. Cash used in operating activities during the current period included$3,006,243 in research and development costs primarily related to the HBV License Agreement and studies related to ENOB-HV-21, and general and administrative expenses of$1,738,722 net of non-cash items.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on the Company's financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.
Significant Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates
The methods, estimates, and judgments that we use in applying our accounting policies have a significant impact on the results that we report in our financial statements. Some of our accounting policies require us to make difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates regarding matters that are inherently uncertain.
For a full explanation of our accounting policies, see Note 1 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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