The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying quarterly unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the updated risk factor(s) in Part II, Item 1A as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 ("2019 10-K"). Our 2019 10-K includes additional information about our significant and critical accounting policies, as well as a detailed discussion of the most significant risks associated with our financial condition and operating results. Unless noted otherwise, the discussions that follow refer to the three months endedSeptember 30, 2020 as "the quarter" and compare the results of the quarter to the results for the three months endedSeptember 30, 2019 , while comparisons of the results for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 are to the results for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019 .
Overview
We are a leading heavy building materials supplier of aggregates and ready-mixed concrete in select geographic markets inthe United States , theU.S. Virgin Islands andCanada . The geographic markets for our products are generally local, except for our Canadian aggregate products operation,Polaris Materials Corp. ("Polaris"), which primarily serves markets inCalifornia . Our customers are generally involved in the construction industry, which is a cyclical business and is subject to general and more localized economic conditions. In addition, our business is impacted by seasonal variations in weather conditions, which vary by regional market. Our operating results are subject to fluctuations in the level and mix of construction activity that occur in our markets. The level of activity affects the demand for our products, while the product mix of activity among the various segments of the construction industry affects both our relative competitive strengths and our operating margins. Commercial and industrial projects generally provide more opportunities to sell value-added products that are designed to meet the high-performance requirements of these types of projects. We conduct our business primarily through two reportable segments: ready-mixed concrete and aggregate products.Ready-Mixed Concrete . Our ready-mixed concrete segment (which represented 85.1% of our revenue for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 ) engages principally in the formulation, preparation and delivery of ready-mixed concrete to our customers' job sites. We provide ready-mixed concrete from our operations inTexas ,Northern California ,New York City ,New Jersey ,Washington, D.C. ,Philadelphia ,Oklahoma and theU.S. Virgin Islands . Ready-mixed concrete is a highly versatile construction material that results from combining coarse and fine aggregates, such as gravel, crushed stone and sand, with water, various chemical admixtures and cement. We also provide services intended to reduce our customers' overall construction costs by lowering the installed, or "in-place," cost of concrete. These services include the formulation of mixtures for specific design uses, on-site and lab-based product quality control and customized delivery programs to meet our customers' needs. Aggregate Products. Our aggregate products segment (which represented 11.1% of our revenue for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , excluding$47.2 million of intersegment sales) produces crushed stone, sand and gravel from our aggregates facilities located inBritish Columbia, Canada ;Texas ;Oklahoma ;New Jersey ;New York ; and theU.S. Virgin Islands . We sell these aggregates for use in commercial, industrial, and public works projects, as well as consume them internally in the production of ready-mixed concrete. We produced approximately 10.6 million tons of aggregates during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , withCanada representing 41%,Texas /Oklahoma representing 32%,New Jersey /New York representing 25%, and theU.S. Virgin Islands representing 2% of the total production. We believe our aggregate reserves provide us with additional raw materials sourcing flexibility and supply availability. 24 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coronavirus Impact
OnJanuary 30, 2020 , theWorld Health Organization declared a global emergency with respect to the outbreak of coronavirus ("COVID-19"). OnMarch 13, 2020 ,President Trump declared the COVID-19 pandemic a national emergency. Residents throughout theU.S. have spent varying periods under "stay-at-home" or "shelter-in-place" orders. The full, long-term impacts of the pandemic are unknown and evolving. Construction has generally been considered an "essential" service and thus excluded from many stay-at-home orders. While we have generally remained operational during this time in the regions we serve with the implementation of new, enhanced safety and health protocols, certain of our operations have been more negatively impacted, particularly in April and May, in states with stringent restrictions. For example, our ready-mixed concrete sales decreased$80.6 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , resulting largely from a decline in ready-mixed concrete operations inNew York City andCalifornia , both of which had more stringent restrictions related to COVID-19. As restrictions have gradually evolved, construction levels have begun improving in many of those areas. We continue to monitor the impact on our customers and our ongoing projects and pipeline. The business contingency plans and cost-cutting measures that we implemented, and continue to implement, across our operations, which are continually reviewed and updated in response to the evolving pandemic, helped to mitigate the impact from the decrease in ready-mixed concrete sales volumes on our operating income in the second and third quarters of 2020. Given the unprecedented uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, we are currently unable to estimate the full impact the pandemic will have on our results of operations for 2020 and beyond. While we expect that our total revenue for 2020 will be lower than 2019, we will continue to focus on cost containment efforts to help minimize the resulting impact to our net income for the year.
Acquisition of
We acquired all of the equity ofCoram Materials Corp. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, "Coram Materials"), a sand and gravel producer inNew York , onFebruary 24, 2020 (the "Coram Acquisition"). The Coram Acquisition expanded our aggregate products operations in ourEast Region . For additional information, see Note 3, "Business Combination" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I of this report. 25 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Results of Operations
The discussions that follow reflect results for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 compared to the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019 , respectively, unless otherwise noted. Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, % September 30, % ($ in millions except selling prices) 2020 2019 Change(1) 2020 2019 Change(1) Revenue$ 374.2 $ 408.9 (8.5)%$ 1,031.3 $ 1,109.5 (7.0)% Cost of goods sold before depreciation, depletion and amortization 283.9 321.2 (11.6) 807.9 886.4 (8.9) Selling, general and administrative expenses 32.1 32.0 0.3 97.5 103.3 (5.6) Depreciation, depletion and amortization 25.8 22.3 15.7 74.4 70.2 6.0 Change in value of contingent consideration 0.1 0.3 (66.7) (5.4) 1.6 NM Loss (gain) on sale/disposal of assets, net - (0.2) 100.0 (0.1) 0.8 (112.5) Operating income 32.3 33.3 (3.0) 57.0 47.2 20.8 Interest expense, net 12.0 11.6 3.4 34.8 34.8 - Other income, net (0.4) (0.2) 100.0 (1.6) (7.8) 79.5 Income before income taxes 20.7 21.9 (5.5) 23.8 20.2 17.8 Income tax expense (benefit) (3.4) 8.3 (141.0) (4.0) 8.3 (148.2) Net income 24.1 13.6 77.2 27.8 11.9 133.6 Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest 0.6 0.6 - 0.8 0.9 (11.1) Net income attributable toU.S. Concrete$ 23.5 $ 13.0 80.8%$ 27.0 $ 11.0 145.5 Ready-Mixed Concrete Data: Average selling price ("ASP") per cubic yard$ 141.38 $ 138.54 2.0%$ 140.99 $ 138.81 1.6% Sales volume in thousand cubic yards 2,213 2,551 (13.2)% 6,216 6,892 (9.8)% Aggregate Products Data: ASP per ton(2)$ 13.37 $ 11.86 12.7%$ 12.87 $ 11.93 7.9% Sales volume in thousand tons 3,663 3,116 17.6% 9,483 8,492 11.7% (1) "NM" is defined as "not meaningful." (2) Our calculation of the aggregate products segment ASP excludes certain other ancillary revenue and certain freight revenue. We define revenue for our aggregate products ASP calculation as amounts billed to external and internal customers for coarse and fine aggregate products, excluding delivery charges. Our calculation of ASP may differ from other companies in the construction materials industry. 26 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Revenue. Revenue for the quarter decreased 8.5%, or$34.7 million , primarily resulting from lower sales of ready-mixed concrete and other products and eliminations, partially offset by record sales of aggregate products. Impacted by regional effects of COVID-19, including certain project delays and cement supply shortages, ready-mixed concrete sales decreased$40.8 million during the quarter as a result of lower volume. Our ready-mixed concrete operations inNew York City ,Dallas/Fort Worth ("DFW") andCalifornia accounted for the majority of the decline.New York andCalifornia both had more stringent restrictions related to COVID-19, and our operations in those states as well as elsewhere are still recovering from the impacts of pandemic-related construction job delays. In addition, during the quarter, our DFW operations were negatively impacted by inclement weather, and ourCalifornia operations were negatively impacted by supply shortages of cement resulting from temporary closures of a cement supplier's plant. Our overall ready-mixed concrete ASP increased 2.0% during the quarter aided by increased pricing in most of our operating regions, which partially offset the impact on revenue from lower ready-mixed concrete volume. Sales of other products and eliminations decreased$4.6 million . Aggregate product sales for the quarter of$63.6 million increased 20.2%, including$10.2 million of sales from our recently acquired Coram Materials business, and achieved the highest level of such sales ever in a single quarter. During the quarter, each of our regions generated higher aggregate products sales volumes together with ASP increases. Revenue for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 decreased 7.0% due primarily to declines in sales of ready-mixed concrete and other products and eliminations, partially offset by increases in sales of aggregate products. Ready-mixed concrete sales decreased$80.6 million , with the decline occurring predominantly inNew York City andCalifornia due primarily to more stringent restrictions related to COVID-19 and in DFW, which experienced volume declines in the first and third quarters of 2020 due to inclement weather. Aggregate products sales increased$16.4 million in the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , with increases generated by ourTexas aggregate operations and Coram Materials business, partially offset by declines in our other markets. Aggregate products sales for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 included$19.8 million of sales generated by our Coram Materials business since acquisition. Cost of goods sold before depreciation, depletion and amortization ("DD&A"). Cost of goods sold before DD&A decreased$37.3 million , or 11.6%, for the quarter and$78.5 million , or 8.9%, for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , with the majority of the decreases from lower variable costs (which include primarily raw material costs, labor and benefits costs, utilities and delivery costs) due to lower sales volumes of ready-mixed concrete. In addition to the impact of lower sales volume, delivery fuel expenses also benefited from lower diesel costs and less congested traffic patterns. As a percentage of revenue, cost of goods sold before DD&A decreased by 270 basis points in the quarter and 160 basis points in the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , primarily due to product mixes and lower fuel expenses, partially offset by higher insurance costs. In addition, with aggregate product demand shifts in certain markets due to changing order patterns, we have experienced incremental costs to manage our aggregate inventories. Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses were slightly higher for the quarter, with a decrease in stock-based compensation expense and the positive impact of additional cost-saving measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic being more than offset by certain personnel-related expenses, including incentive compensation and severance costs, and a pension withdrawal liability. SG&A expenses decreased$5.8 million , or 5.6%, for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 . Stock-based compensation expense, which was$7.6 million lower for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , accounted for the majority of the reduction in SG&A expenses for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 . In addition, for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , the positive impact from the cost-saving measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was more than offset by certain personnel-related expenses, including incentive compensation and severance costs. Change in value of contingent consideration. The non-cash gain on the revaluation of contingent consideration recorded during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 resulted primarily from changes to management's expectations of EBITDA for the associated business for 2020.
Loss on sale/disposal of assets, net. The first nine months of 2019 included
Other income, net. The first nine months of 2019 included a gain from an eminent domain proceeding inWashington, D.C. and insurance proceeds from prior hurricane losses in ourU.S. Virgin Island operations, neither of which were repeated in 2020. 27 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Income taxes. We recorded an income tax benefit of$3.4 million and$4.0 million for the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , respectively. For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , our effective tax rate differed substantially from the statutory tax rate primarily due to (1) additional tax benefits recognized related to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") enacted onMarch 27, 2020 and (2) finalTreasury regulations regarding the business interest deduction limitation ("Final 163(j) Regulations") published in theFederal Register onSeptember 14, 2020 . The CARES Act, among other things, modified the business interest deduction limitation for tax years beginning in 2019 and 2020 from 30% of adjusted taxable income ("ATI") to 50% of ATI. As a result, we recorded an additional tax benefit of$3.2 million in the six months endedJune 30, 2020 to reflect the CARES Act change to our estimated interest limitation for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 . The Final 163(j) Regulations removed an unfavorable interpretation of the computation of ATI, which negatively impacted our business interest deduction for the tax years endedDecember 31, 2018 and 2019. The guidance provided in the Final 163(j) Regulations eliminated our business interest deduction limitation for such tax years, and we recognized an additional tax benefit of$10.2 million in the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , which included amounts related to the CARES Act net operating loss carryback provision. For the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , we recognized a benefit of$0.6 million and$2.7 million related to employee retention credits, which are intended to be a reimbursement for certain wage and benefit costs we would have otherwise not incurred. We recorded income tax expense of$8.3 million for both the three and nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019 . For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019 , our effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate primarily due to (1) losses generated by certain of our Canadian subsidiaries for which no income tax benefit was recognized due to a related full valuation allowance, (2) adjustments related to the tax rate change enacted as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and (3) state income taxes.
Segment Operating Results
Our chief operating decision maker reviews operating results based on our two reportable segments, which are ready-mixed concrete and aggregate products, and evaluates segment performance and allocates resources based on Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as our net income, excluding the impact of income taxes, depreciation, depletion and amortization, net interest expense and certain other non-cash, non-recurring and/or unusual, non-operating items including, but not limited to: non-cash stock compensation expense, non-cash change in value of contingent consideration, impairment of assets, acquisition-related costs, officer transition expenses, purchase accounting adjustments for inventory, pension withdrawal liability, and realignment initiative costs. Acquisition-related costs consist of fees and expenses for accountants, lawyers and other professionals incurred during the negotiation and closing of strategic acquisitions and certain acquired entities' management severance costs. Acquisition-related costs do not include fees or expenses associated with post-closing integration of strategic acquisitions. Many of the impacts excluded to derive Adjusted EBITDA are similar to those excluded in calculating our compliance with our debt covenants. We consider Adjusted EBITDA to be an indicator of the operational strength and performance of our business. We have included Adjusted EBITDA because it is a key financial measure used by our management to (1) internally measure our operating performance and (2) assess our ability to service our debt, incur additional debt and meet our capital expenditure requirements. Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an alternative to, or a better indicator of, operating income or loss, is not based on accounting principles generally accepted inthe United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"), and is not a measure of our cash flows or ability to fund our cash needs. Our measurements of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used in agreements that govern our debt. See the prior discussion of revenue within this Item 2 as well as Note 15, "Segment Information" to our condensed consolidated financial statements in this report for additional information regarding our segments and the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income. 28 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ready-Mixed Concrete Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, Increase/ (Decrease) September 30, Increase/ (Decrease) ($ in millions except selling prices) 2020 2019 % 2020 2019 % Ready-Mixed Concrete Segment: Revenue$ 313.3 $ 354.1 (11.5)%$ 877.9 $ 958.5 (8.4)% Segment revenue as a percentage of total revenue 83.7 % 86.6 % 85.1 % 86.4 % Adjusted EBITDA$ 45.9 $ 51.5 (10.9)%$ 115.7 $ 124.1 (6.8)% Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of segment revenue 14.7 % 14.5 % 13.2 % 12.9 % Ready-Mixed Concrete Data: ASP per cubic yard(1)$ 141.38 $ 138.54 2.0%$ 140.99 $ 138.81 1.6% Sales volume in thousand cubic yards 2,213 2,551 (13.2)% 6,216 6,892 (9.8)%
(1) Calculation excludes certain ancillary revenue that is reported within the segment.
Adjusted EBITDA. The impact of volume declines on ready-mixed concrete Adjusted EBITDA was mitigated by actions taken as part of our business contingency plans in the form of labor management, concrete mix optimization, higher asset utilization and delivery efficiencies, which included lower fuel costs. Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of segment revenue improved 20 basis points for the quarter and 30 basis points for the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 due to the benefits of our business contingency plans. Aggregate Products Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, Increase/ (Decrease) September 30, Increase/ (Decrease) ($ in millions except selling prices) 2020 2019 % 2020 2019 % Aggregate Products Segment: Sales to external customers$ 45.2 $ 37.9 $ 114.5 $ 105.8 Intersegment sales(1) 18.4 15.0 47.2 39.5 Total aggregate products revenue$ 63.6 $ 52.9 20.2%$ 161.7 $ 145.3 11.3% Segment revenue, excluding intersegment sales, as a percentage of total revenue 12.1 % 9.3 % 11.1 % 9.5 % Adjusted EBITDA$ 26.8 $ 16.3 64.4%$ 59.7 $ 38.9 53.5% Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total aggregate products revenue 42.1 % 30.8 % 36.9 % 26.8 %
Aggregate Products Data:
ASP per ton(2)$ 13.37 $ 11.86 12.7%$ 12.87 $ 11.93 7.9% Sales volume in thousand tons 3,663 3,116 17.6% 9,483 8,492 11.7% (1) We sell aggregate products to our ready-mixed concrete segment at market price. (2) Our calculation of the aggregate products segment ASP excludes certain other ancillary revenue and certain freight revenue. We define revenue for our aggregate products ASP calculation as amounts billed to customers for coarse and fine aggregate products, excluding delivery charges. Our definition and calculation of ASP may differ from other companies in the construction materials industry. 29 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adjusted EBITDA. For both the quarter and the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , Adjusted EBITDA for our aggregate products segment benefited from the Coram Acquisition and increased volume inTexas , including the benefit of a newTexas greenfield operation, operating efficiencies at our aggregate facilities and leverage from record sales volumes.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations, available cash and cash equivalents, and access to our credit facilities, including our (1) asset-based revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Facility"), which provides for borrowings of up to$300.0 million , subject to a borrowing base, and (2) delayed draw term loan facility (the "Credit Facility"), which provides for borrowings of up to$179.6 million . OnSeptember 23, 2020 , we completed a private placement of$400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior unsecured notes due 2029 ("2029 Notes"). InOctober 2020 , we redeemed$400.0 million of our outstanding 6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2024 ("2024 Notes") with proceeds from the 2029 Notes and borrowings under our Revolving Facility. As ofSeptember 30, 2020 , we had$405.5 million of cash and cash equivalents,$240.4 million of available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility and$179.6 million of available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility, providing total available liquidity of$825.5 million ,$412.8 million of which was used to pay principal and redemption premiums on our 2024 Notes in October. Proceeds from the Credit Facility, if drawn, will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including to repay outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Facility. OnJuly 30, 2020 , we elected to reduce the commitment amount of the Revolving Facility from$350.0 million to$300.0 million effectiveAugust 4, 2020 . The reduction did not result in any change in our total available liquidity. The following key financial measurements reflect certain aspects of our financial condition: ($ in millions) September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Cash and cash equivalents $ 405.5 (1) $ 40.6 Working capital $ 42.3 $ 103.7 Total debt(2) $ 1,102.8 (1) $ 687.3 (1) InOctober 2020 , we redeemed$400.0 million of our 2024 Notes using cash on hand and borrowings under our Revolving Facility. (2) Total debt includes long-term debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs, including current maturities, finance leases, notes payable and any borrowings under the Revolving Facility and Credit Facility. Our primary liquidity needs over the next 12 months consist of (1) working capital requirements; (2) debt service obligations; (3) capital expenditures; and (4) payments related to strategic acquisitions, including$11.1 million of contingent and deferred consideration for past acquisitions. Our primary portfolio strategy includes acquisitions in various regions and markets. Our working capital needs are typically at their lowest level in the first quarter, increase in the second and third quarters to fund increases in accounts receivable and inventories during those periods, and then decrease in the fourth quarter. Availability under the Revolving Facility is governed by a borrowing base primarily determined by our eligible accounts receivable, inventory, mixer trucks and machinery. Our borrowing base also typically declines during the first quarter due to lower accounts receivable balances as a result of normal seasonality of our business caused by winter weather. The projection of our cash needs is based upon many factors, including without limitation, our expected volume, pricing, cost of materials and capital expenditures. Based on our projected cash needs, we believe that cash on hand, availability under the Revolving Facility and the Credit Facility, and cash generated from operations will provide us with sufficient liquidity in the ordinary course of business, not including potential acquisitions. To help mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our cash needs, we initiated business contingency planning and will continue to adjust those plans as needed. If, however, availability under the Revolving Facility, the Credit Facility, cash on hand and our operating cash flows are not adequate to fund our operations, we would need to obtain other equity or debt financing or sell assets to provide additional liquidity. 30 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The principal factors that could adversely affect the amount of our internally generated funds include:
•deterioration of revenue, due to lower volume and/or pricing, because of weakness in the markets in which we operate or due to COVID-19 operating restrictions; •declines in gross margins due to shifts in our product mix, increases in fixed or variable costs or the impact of COVID-19; •any deterioration in our ability to collect our accounts receivable from customers as a result of weakening in construction demand or payment difficulties experienced by our customers, including from COVID-19; •any further COVID-19 impacts to our business; and •inclement weather beyond normal patterns that could reduce our sales volumes. Cash Flows Nine Months Ended September 30, ($ in millions) 2020 2019 Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities$ 145.4 $ 92.1 Investing activities (158.6) (21.4) Financing activities 378.1 (63.5) Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents - (0.2) Net increase in cash$ 364.9 $ 7.0 Our net cash provided by operating activities generally reflects the cash effects of transactions and other events used in the determination of net income or loss, including non-controlling interest. Overall, the improvement in cash generated from operations was driven primarily by management's cost control initiatives, the deferral of the remittance of payroll taxes as permitted by the CARES Act, income tax refunds, and our ongoing initiatives to optimize our working capital. Investing activities in 2020 included the payment of$141.8 million for the acquisition of Coram Materials. In addition, we incurred$17.5 million and$28.6 million during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, primarily to fund purchases of machinery and equipment as well as mixer trucks and other vehicles to service our business. During the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2019 , we received$6.0 million of proceeds from an eminent domain matter and insurance proceeds relating to property damage suffered in 2017. At the beginning of 2020, we expected to invest (excluding any acquisitions) between$65.0 million and$75.0 million in capital expenditures, including expenditures financed through finance leases in 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have reduced the amount of our expected capital expenditures for maintenance and expansion, land purchases and new plants, as well as plant improvements, plant equipment, drum mixer trucks and other rolling stock. We continue to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic repercussions, and for 2020 we expect to invest (excluding any acquisitions) approximately$30 million in capital expenditures. Financing activities during the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 included$400.0 million of proceeds from our 2029 Notes offering, offset by related debt issuance costs, and$14.5 million of proceeds from finance lease transactions primarily for ourTexas greenfield aggregates operation. During the first nine months of 2020, we made payments of$17.7 million primarily related to our finance leases and promissory notes and paid$10.0 million for contingent and deferred consideration obligations. Financing activities during the first nine months of 2019 included$3.9 million of net repayments under our Revolving Facility to operate our business and fund acquisitions. In addition, during the first nine months of 2019, we made payments of$24.2 million primarily related to our finance leases and promissory notes and paid$33.4 million for contingent and deferred consideration obligations. 31 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The discussion that follows provides a description of our arrangements relating to our outstanding indebtedness.
Asset Based Revolving Credit Facility
We have a Revolving Facility with certain financial institutions named therein as lenders (the "Lenders") andBank of America, N.A ., as agent for the Lenders that provides for up to$300.0 million of revolving borrowings. The Revolving Facility also permits the incurrence of other secured indebtedness not to exceed certain amounts as specified therein. The Revolving Facility provides for swingline loans up to a$15.0 million sublimit and letters of credit up to a$50.0 million sublimit. Loans under the Revolving Facility are in the form of either base rate loans or the London Interbank Offered Rate "LIBOR" loans denominated inU.S. dollars. Our actual maximum credit availability under the Revolving Facility varies from time to time and is determined by calculating the value of our eligible accounts receivable, inventory, mixer trucks and machinery, minus reserves imposed by the Lenders and other adjustments, as specified in the Third Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement (the "Third Loan Agreement"), which maturesAugust 31, 2022 . Our availability under the Revolving Facility atSeptember 30, 2020 was$240.4 million . The Third Loan Agreement contains usual and customary covenants including, but not limited to, restrictions on our and our guarantor subsidiaries' ability to consolidate or merge; substantially change the nature of our business; sell, lease or otherwise transfer any of our assets; create or incur indebtedness; create liens; pay dividends or make other distributions; make loans; prepay certain indebtedness; and make investments or acquisitions. The covenants are subject to certain exceptions as specified in the Third Loan Agreement. The Third Loan Agreement also requires that we, upon the occurrence of certain events, maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.0 to 1.0 for each period of 12 calendar months. As ofSeptember 30, 2020 , we did not have any amounts outstanding under the Revolving Facility, and we were in compliance with all covenants under the Third Loan Agreement.
Delayed Draw Term Loan Facility
OnApril 17, 2020 , we entered into a secured delayed draw term loan agreement (the "Agreement") with certain subsidiaries as guarantors thereto,Bank of America, N.A . as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the lenders and other parties named therein. The Agreement provided for an initial$180.0 million delayed draw term loan facility (the "Credit Facility") that was reduced to$179.6 million as ofSeptember 30, 2020 , as permitted borrowings are reduced by approximately$0.4 million each quarter throughSeptember 30, 2021 . The Agreement permits borrowings untilDecember 15, 2021 . Any such borrowings outstanding will matureMay 1, 2025 (subject to a springing maturity onMarch 1, 2024 to the extent any of our 2024 Notes remain outstanding on such date). We entered into the Agreement to enhance our liquidity and financial flexibility. Proceeds of the Credit Facility, if drawn, will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including to repay outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Facility. Borrowings under the Agreement bear interest at our option of either: (1) LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0.75%) plus a margin ranging from 2.75% to 3.75% or (2) a base rate (which is equal to the greatest of the prime rate, the Federal Funds effective rate plus 0.50% and LIBOR plus 1.00% and is subject to a floor of 1.75%) plus a margin ranging from 1.75% to 2.75%. The applicable margin depends on the aggregate amount of the loans borrowed. Additionally, each draw on the Credit Facility will be issued at a price of 99.0% of the amount drawn. The Agreement is secured by a first priority lien and security interest on certain real property of the subsidiary guarantors and substantially all of the personal property of the Company and its subsidiary guarantors that is not secured by a first priority security interest under the Revolving Facility (the "Revolving Facility Collateral") and a second priority security interest on the Revolving Facility Collateral. The Agreement contains usual and customary covenants including, but not limited to, restrictions on our and our guarantor subsidiaries' ability to consolidate or merge; substantially change the nature of our business; sell, lease or otherwise transfer any of our assets; create or incur indebtedness; create liens; pay dividends or make other distributions; make loans; prepay certain indebtedness; and make investments or acquisitions, but it does not contain any financial maintenance covenants. 32 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Senior Unsecured Notes
The 2024 Notes are governed by an indenture (the "2024 Indenture") dated as ofJune 7, 2016 , by and amongU.S. Concrete, Inc. , as issuer (the "Issuer"), the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, andU.S. Bank National Association , as trustee. The 2024 Notes accrue interest at a rate of 6.375% per annum, which is payable onJune 1 andDecember 1 of each year. The 2024 Notes mature onJune 1, 2024 , and are redeemable at our option prior to maturity at prices specified in the 2024 Indenture. As ofSeptember 30, 2020 ,$600.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes were outstanding. InOctober 2020 , we redeemed$400.0 million of the 2024 Notes at a price of 103.188%. The 2024 Indenture contains negative covenants that restrict our ability and our restricted subsidiaries' ability to engage in certain transactions, as described below, and also contains customary events of default. The 2029 Notes are governed by an indenture (the "2029 Indenture") dated as ofSeptember 23, 2020 , among the Issuer, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto andU.S. Bank National Association , as trustee. The 2029 Notes accrue interest at a rate of 5.125% per annum. We will pay interest on the 2029 Notes onMarch 1 andSeptember 1 of each year, beginning onMarch 1, 2021 . The 2029 Notes mature onMarch 1, 2029 , and are redeemable at our option prior to maturity at prices specified in the 2029 Indenture. The 2029 Indenture contains negative covenants that restrict our ability and our restricted subsidiaries' ability to engage in certain transactions, as described below, and also contains customary events of default. The 2024 Notes and the 2029 Notes are guaranteed on a full and unconditional senior unsecured basis by each of the Issuer's restricted subsidiaries (each, a "Guarantor Subsidiary," and collectively, the "Guarantor Subsidiaries") that guarantee any obligations under the Revolving Facility and certain of the Issuer's other indebtedness or certain indebtedness of the Issuer's restricted subsidiaries (other than foreign restricted subsidiaries that guarantee only indebtedness incurred by another foreign subsidiary). Each Guarantor Subsidiary is directly or indirectly 100% owned by the Issuer. The guarantees are joint and several. The Issuer does not have any independent assets or operations. There are no significant restrictions in the 2024 Indenture or the 2029 Indenture on the ability of the Guarantor Subsidiaries to make distributions to the Issuer. The 2024 Notes and the 2029 Notes are not guaranteed by any of the Issuer's direct or indirect foreign subsidiaries (or any domestic subsidiaries of any such foreign subsidiaries),U.S. Virgin Islands subsidiaries or domestic subsidiaries that are not wholly owned (collectively, the "Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries"). The 2024 Notes and 2029 Notes and the guarantees thereof are effectively subordinated to all of the Issuer's and the Guarantor Subsidiaries' existing and future secured obligations, including obligations under the Revolving Facility, the Credit Facility and our finance leases, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such obligations; senior in right of payment to any of our and the Guarantor Subsidiaries' future subordinated indebtedness; pari passu in right of payment with any of our and the Guarantor Subsidiaries' existing and future senior indebtedness, including our and the Guarantor Subsidiaries' obligations under the Revolving Facility, the Credit Facility and our finance leases; and structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other claims and liabilities, including trade payables and preferred stock, of any Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.
Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information
InMarch 2020 , theSecurities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") adopted amendments to the financial disclosure requirements applicable to registered debt offerings that include credit enhancements, such as subsidiary guarantees, in Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X. The amended rules focus on providing material, relevant and decision-useful information regarding guarantees and other credit enhancements, while eliminating certain prescriptive requirements. The Company adopted these amendments as ofMarch 31, 2020 . Accordingly, combined summarized financial information has been presented only for the Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiaries for the most recent fiscal year and the year-to-date interim period, and the required disclosures have been removed from the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements and are instead provided below. 33 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following tables present summarized financial information for the Issuer and the Guarantor Subsidiaries on a combined basis after intercompany transactions have been eliminated, including adjustments to eliminate intercompany transactions between the Issuer and the Guarantor Subsidiaries. All assets and liabilities have been allocated to the Issuer and the Guarantor Subsidiaries generally based on legal entity ownership. Issuer investments in, and earnings of, Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries are excluded from the summarized financial information presented below. Balance Sheets ($ in millions) September 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 Assets: Due from Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, current $ 0.6 $ 8.9 Other current assets 692.7 320.2 Property, plant and equipment, net 594.9 470.3 Amount due from Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, long-term 115.8 111.4 Other long-term assets 299.8 307.7 Liabilities: Current liabilities $ 680.3 $ 245.9 Long-term debt 666.5 653.3 Other long-term liabilities 119.8 120.2 Nine Months Ended Year Ended December Statements of Operations ($ in millions) September 30, 2020 31, 2019 Revenue $ 949.3 $ 1,361.2 Cost of goods sold before depreciation, depletion and amortization 754.5 1,107.6 Operating income 48.6 50.1 Net income 22.2 5.5 Other Debt We have financing agreements with various lenders primarily for the purchase of mixer trucks and other machinery and equipment with$108.4 million of remaining principal as ofSeptember 30, 2020 . During the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2020 , we entered into agreements to defer certain monthly finance lease and promissory note payments to help mitigate the cash flow impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As ofSeptember 30, 2020 , we had$8.3 million of remaining deferred payments to be paid.
For additional information regarding our arrangements relating to outstanding indebtedness, see the information set forth in Note 7, "Debt" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report. Inflation
We experienced minimal increases in operating costs during the first nine months of 2020 related to inflation. However, in non-recessionary conditions, cement prices and certain other raw material prices, including aggregates, have generally risen faster than regional inflationary rates. When these price increases have occurred, we have generally been able to mitigate our cost increases with price increases we obtain for our products. 34 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Critical Accounting Policies
We prepared the preceding discussion based on the accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance withU.S. GAAP. Such preparation of financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions by management in determining the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are based on historical experience, currently available information and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We described our critical accounting policies in Item 7 of Part II of our 2019 10-K. Our critical accounting policies involve the use of estimates in the recording of business combinations, goodwill and intangible assets and any related impairment, accruals for self-insurance, accruals for income taxes, assessing impairment of long-lived assets, and accounting for contingent consideration. See Note 1, "Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of the 2019 10-K for a discussion of our critical and significant accounting policies and Note 2, "Significant Accounting Policies" to our interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for a discussion of the impact of the new credit loss standard that we adopted as ofJanuary 1, 2020 . 35 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Certain statements and information in this report may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning plans, objectives, goals, projections, strategies, future events or performance, and underlying assumptions and other statements, which are not statements of historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as "may," "will," "intend," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "outlook," "predict," "potential," or "continue," the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effect on us. While management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made, there can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we anticipate. All comments concerning our expectations for future operating results are based on our forecasts for our existing operations and do not include the potential impact of any future acquisitions. Our forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections.
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those summarized below:
•general economic and business conditions, which will, among other things, affect demand for commercial and residential construction; •our ability to successfully implement our operating strategy; •our ability to successfully identify, manage, and integrate acquisitions; •governmental requirements and initiatives, including those related to mortgage lending, financing or deductions, funding for public or infrastructure construction, land usage, and environmental, health, and safety matters; •seasonal and inclement weather conditions, which impede the installation of ready-mixed concrete; •the cyclical nature of, and changes in, the real estate and construction markets, including pricing changes by our competitors; •our ability to maintain favorable relationships with third partieswho supply us with equipment and essential supplies; •our ability to retain key personnel and maintain satisfactory labor relations; •disruptions, uncertainties or volatility in the credit markets that may limit our, our suppliers' and our customers' access to capital; •product liability, property damage, results of litigation, and other claims and insurance coverage issues; •our substantial indebtedness and the restrictions imposed on us by the terms of our indebtedness; •the effects of currency fluctuations on our results of operations and financial condition; •the length and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic; •the pace of recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic; •our ability to implement cost containment strategies; and •the adverse effects of COVID-19 on our business, the economy and the markets we serve. For additional information regarding known material factors that could cause our actual results to differ from our projected results, please see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of Part I of our 2019 10-K and "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of Part II of our subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date they are made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by federal securities laws. 36
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