The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements ofBluerock Residential Growth REIT, Inc. , and the notes thereto. As used herein, the terms "we," "our" and "us" refer toBluerock Residential Growth REIT, Inc. , aMaryland corporation, and, as required by context,Bluerock Residential Holdings, L.P. , aDelaware limited partnership, which we refer to as our "Operating Partnership," and to their subsidiaries. We refer toBluerock Real Estate, L.L.C. , aDelaware limited liability company, as "Bluerock", and we refer to our former external manager, BRG Manager, LLC, aDelaware limited liability company, as our "former Manager."
Both Bluerock and our former Manager are affiliated with the Company.
Forward-Looking Statements
Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts (including any statements concerning investment objectives, other plans and objectives of management for future operations or economic performance, or assumptions or forecasts related thereto) are "forward-looking statements," within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are only predictions. We caution that forward-looking statements are not guarantees. Actual events or our investments and results of operations could differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the use of terms such as "may," "should," "expect," "could," "intend," "plan," "anticipate," "estimate," "believe," "continue," "predict," "potential" or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. The forward-looking statements included herein are based upon our current expectations, plans, estimates, assumptions and beliefs that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, our actual results and performance could differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. OnDecember 20, 2021 , we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") withBadger Parent LLC ("Parent") andBadger Merger Sub LLC ("Merger Sub"). The Merger Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, the Company will be merged with and into Merger Sub (the "Merger"), with Merger Sub surviving the Merger. The Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement were unanimously approved by our Board. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates ofBlackstone Real Estate Partners IX L.P. , an affiliate of Blackstone Inc. Currently, one of the most significant factors, however, is the potential adverse effect of the current pandemic of the novel coronavirus and variants thereof ("COVID-19") on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and performance, the tenants of our properties, business partners within our network and service providers, as well as the real estate market and the global economy and financial markets. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts us and our tenants will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact (including governmental actions that may vary by jurisdiction, such as mandated business closing; "stay-at-home" orders; limits on group activity; and actions to protect residential tenants from eviction), and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. Moreover, you should interpret many of the risks identified in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the risks set forth below, as being heightened as a result of the ongoing and numerous adverse impacts of COVID-19.
Additional factors that could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects include, but are not limited to:
the factors included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including those set
? forth under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations";
? use of proceeds of our securities offerings;
? the competitive environment in which we operate;
38 Table of Contents
the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could delay the
completion of the Merger or give rise to the termination of the Merger
? Agreement with Parent and Merger Sub, and the risk that the Merger Agreement
may be terminated in circumstances that require us to pay a termination fee of
? the failure to satisfy any of the conditions to the completion of the Merger,
the Separation or the Distribution;
? the ability to meet expectations regarding the timing and completion of the
Merger and the Separation and the Distribution;
? risks related to disruption of management's attention from our ongoing business
operations due to the proposed Merger, the Separation and the Distribution;
? the incurrence of substantial costs relating to the Merger, the Separation and
the Distribution;
the effect of the announcement and the pendency of the Merger, the Separation
? and the Distribution on our business relationships, operating results and
business generally;
any legal proceedings that may be initiated against us related to the Merger
? Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, and
the outcome thereof;
? real estate risks, including fluctuations in real estate values and the general
economic climate in local markets and competition for tenants in such markets;
? risks associated with geographic concentration of our investments;
? decreased rental rates or increasing vacancy rates;
? our ability to lease newly acquired or newly constructed apartment or
single-family properties;
? potential defaults on or non-renewal of leases by tenants;
? creditworthiness of tenants;
? our ability to obtain financing for and complete acquisitions under contract at
the contemplated terms, or at all;
development and acquisition risks, including rising and unanticipated costs,
? delays in timing, abandonment of opportunities, and failure of such
acquisitions and developments to perform in accordance with projections;
? the timing of acquisitions and dispositions;
the performance of our network of leading regional apartment and single-family
? residential owner/operators with which we invest, including through controlling
positions in joint ventures;
? potential natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes and floods;
? national, international, regional and local economic conditions;
? Board determination as to timing and payment of dividends, and our ability to
pay future distributions at the dividend rates we have paid historically;
? the general level of interest rates;
39 Table of Contents
potential changes in the law or governmental regulations that affect us and
? interpretations of those laws and regulations, including changes in real estate
and zoning or tax laws, and potential increases in real property tax rates;
financing risks, including the risks that our cash flows from operations may be
? insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest and we may be
unable to refinance our existing debt upon maturity or obtain new financing on
attractive terms or at all;
? lack of or insufficient amounts of insurance;
? our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT;
? litigation, including costs associated with prosecuting or defending claims and
any adverse outcomes; and
possible environmental liabilities, including costs, fines or penalties that
? may be incurred due to necessary remediation of contamination of properties
presently owned or previously owned by us or a subsidiary owned by us or
acquired by us.
Any of the assumptions underlying forward-looking statements could be inaccurate. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements included in this report. All forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this report and the risk that actual results will differ materially from the expectations expressed in this report will increase with the passage of time. Except as otherwise required by the federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements after the date of this report, whether as a result of new information, future events, changed circumstances or any other reason. The forward-looking statements should be read in light of the risk factors set forth in Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") onMarch 11, 2022 , and subsequent filings by us with theSEC , or ("Risk Factors").
Overview
We were incorporated as aMaryland corporation onJuly 25, 2008 . Our objective is to maximize long-term stockholder value by acquiring and developing well-located institutional-quality multifamily apartment communities and single-family residential homes in knowledge economy growth markets acrossthe United States . We seek to maximize returns through investments where we believe we can drive substantial growth in our core funds from operations and net asset value primarily through our Value-Add and Invest-to-Own investment strategies. We conduct our operations throughBluerock Residential Holdings, L.P. , our operating partnership (the "Operating Partnership"), of which we are the sole general partner. The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of theOperating Partnership and its subsidiaries. As ofJune 30, 2022 , we held an aggregate of 18,399 units, comprised of 14,383 multifamily units and 4,016 single-family residential units. The aggregate number of units are held through seventy-four real estate investments, consisting of fifty-two consolidated operating investments and twenty-two investments held through preferred equity, loan or ground lease investments. As ofJune 30, 2022 , our consolidated operating investments were approximately 94.6% occupied. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code and have qualified as a REIT commencing with our taxable year endedDecember 31, 2010 . In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders each calendar year at least 90% of our taxable income (excluding net capital gains). If we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify as a REIT for four years following the year in which our qualification is denied. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and results of operations. We intend to continue to organize and operate in such a manner as to remain qualified as
a REIT. 40 Table of Contents Proposed Merger OnDecember 20, 2021 , the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement") withBadger Parent LLC ("Parent") andBadger Merger Sub LLC ("Merger Sub"). The Merger Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, the Company will be merged with and into Merger Sub (the "Merger"), with Merger Sub surviving the Merger. The Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement were unanimously approved by the Board. Parent and Merger Sub are affiliates ofBlackstone Real Estate Partners IX L.P. , an affiliate of Blackstone Inc. OnApril 12, 2022 , the Company held a special meeting of stockholders (the "Special Meeting") at which the Merger was approved by the holders of issued and outstanding common stock, par value$0.01 per share, of the Company (the "Company Common Stock") entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled to be cast on the Merger. No further action by the Company's stockholders is required to approve the Merger. Pursuant to the terms and conditions in the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the "Effective Time"), each share of Company Common Stock, that is issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will automatically be converted into the right to receive$24.25 in cash, without interest and less any applicable withholding taxes (the "Per Share Merger Consideration"). The Company will deliver a notice of redemption (the "Preferred Stock Redemption Notice") to the holders of our Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value$0.01 per share ("Series B Preferred Stock"), 7.625% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value$0.01 per share ("Series C Preferred Stock"), 7.125% Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock, par value$0.01 per share ("Series D Preferred Stock"), and Series T Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value$0.01 per share ("Series T Preferred Stock"), in accordance with their respective Articles Supplementary, which will provide that such preferred stock will be redeemed effective as of the Effective Time. Each share of Series C Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock and Series T Preferred Stock will be redeemed for an amount equal to$25.00 plus an amount equal to all accrued and unpaid dividends to and including the redemption date set forth in the Preferred Stock Redemption Notice, without interest. Each share of Series B Preferred Stock will be redeemed for an amount equal to$1,000.00 plus an amount equal to all accrued and unpaid dividends to and including the redemption date set forth in the Preferred Stock Redemption Notice, without interest. The outstanding warrants to purchase Class A common stock of the Company (the "Company Warrants") will remain outstanding following the Effective Time in accordance with their terms, but will be adjusted so that the holder of any Company Warrant exercised at or after the Effective Time will be entitled to receive in cash the amount of the Per Share Merger Consideration which, if the Company Warrant had been exercised immediately prior to the Closing, such holder would have been entitled to receive upon the consummation of the Merger. In addition, each award of shares of restricted Class A common stock of the Company that is outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time will be cancelled in exchange for a cash payment in an amount equal to (i) the number of shares of Company Common Stock subject to such award immediately prior to the Effective Time multiplied by (ii) the Per Share Merger Consideration, without interest and less any applicable withholding taxes. Prior to the consummation of the Merger, we will complete the separation of our single-family residential real estate business (the "SFR Business") from our multi-family residential real estate business (the "Separation"). Following the Separation, the SFR Business will be indirectly held byBluerock Homes Trust, Inc. ("BHM"), aMaryland corporation, and theOperating Partnership , and, prior to the consummation of the Merger, we will distribute the common stock of BHM to our stockholders as of the record date for such distribution in a taxable distribution (the "Distribution"). Only holders of Company Warrants that are exercised so that the Company Common Stock issued in respect thereof is issued and outstanding as of the record date for the Distribution will be entitled to receive any common stock of BHM in the Distribution in respect of such Company Warrants. 41 Table of Contents
In connection with the Separation, theOperating Partnership will exchange its interests in an entity holding its multi-family residential real estate business with the Company as consideration for a redemption of all of our preferred interests in theOperating Partnership and a portion of our common units in theOperating Partnership (the "Redemption"). As a result, following the Redemption, theOperating Partnership will cease to hold interests in the Company's multi-family residential real estate business, and will hold the assets related to the SFR Business. Most members of our senior management, along with certain entities related to them, have agreed to retain their interests in theOperating Partnership until the earlier of the Effective Time and the termination of the Merger Agreement, rather than redeeming their interests for cash or shares of Company Common Stock that will receive the Per Share Merger Consideration. As a result, following the Separation and the Distribution, our stockholders who receive shares of BHM in the Distribution are expected to indirectly own approximately 35% of the SFR Business, with holders of units in theOperating Partnership (other than BHM) expected to indirectly own an interest of approximately 65% of the SFR Business. In connection with the Separation and the Distribution, BHM and theOperating Partnership will enter into a management agreement with an affiliate of Bluerock providing for it to be externally managed thereby. The Merger Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including, among others, covenants by the Company to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business in all material respects in the ordinary course, subject to certain exceptions, during the period between the execution of the Merger Agreement and the consummation of the Merger. The obligations of Parent and Merger Sub to consummate the Merger are not subject to any financing condition or the receipt of any financing by Parent or Merger Sub.
The consummation of the Merger is conditioned on the consummation of the Separation and the Distribution, as well as certain customary closing conditions.
The Company has agreed not to solicit or enter into an agreement regarding a Company Takeover Proposal (as defined in the Merger Agreement) and is not permitted to enter into discussions or negotiations concerning, or provide information to a third party in connection with, any Company Takeover Proposal, in each case subject to certain exceptions that no longer apply following the approval of the Merger by the Company's common stockholders. The Merger Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances by the Company. In addition, Parent may terminate the Merger Agreement under certain circumstances and subject to certain restrictions. The Merger Agreement also may be terminated by either the Company or Parent if the Merger has not been completed on or prior to the date that is nine months after the date of the Merger Agreement, which date may be extended to complete the Separation and the Distribution, by the Company, up to the date that is ten months after the date of the Merger Agreement, or by Parent, up to the date that is twelve months after the date of the Merger Agreement. In connection with a termination of the Merger Agreement in certain circumstances, the Company will be required to pay a termination fee to Parent of$60 million . Upon termination of the Merger Agreement in certain other circumstances, Parent will be required to pay the Company a termination fee of$200 million . The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement is only a summary, does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 2.1 to our current report on Form 8-K filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") onDecember 21, 2021 .
The Company expects the Separation, the Distribution and the Merger to be completed in the second half of 2022, subject to the satisfaction of the closing conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement.
42 Table of Contents COVID-19 We continue to monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and any resulting macro-economic changes on all aspects of our business and apartment communities, including how it will impact our tenants and business partners. While, consistent with prior quarters, we did not incur any significant impact on our performance during the three months endedJune 30, 2022 from the COVID-19 pandemic, going forward we cannot predict the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows due to the numerous uncertainties. These uncertainties include the scope, severity and duration of the pandemic, the actions taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact and the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. The outbreak of COVID-19 across the globe, includingthe United States , has significantly and adversely impacted global economic activity and has contributed to significant volatility and negative pressure in financial markets. The global impact of the outbreak has been rapidly evolving and, as cases of COVID-19 have continued to be identified in additional countries, many countries, includingthe United States , have reacted by instituting quarantines, mandating business and school closures and restricting travel. Certain states and cities, including where we own communities, have developments and where our Company has places of business located, have also reacted by instituting quarantines, restrictions on travel, "stay-at-home" orders, restrictions on types of business that may continue to operate or be reinstituted, as applicable, and/or restrictions on the types of construction projects that may continue or be reinstituted. We cannot predict if additional states and cities will implement similar restrictions or when restrictions currently in place will expire or, to the extent expired, be reinstituted. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic is negatively impacting almost every industry directly or indirectly, including industries in which our tenants are employed. Further, the impacts of a potential worsening of global economic conditions and the continued disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets, consumer spending as well as other unanticipated consequences remain unknown. We also are unable to predict the impact that COVID-19 will have on our tenants, business partners within our network, and our service providers; and therefore, any material effect on these parties could adversely impact us. Previously, we had provided rent deferral payment plans as a result of hardships certain tenants experienced due to the impact of COVID-19, decreasing from 1% in the quarter endedJune 30, 2020 to none in the quarter endedJune 30, 2022 . Although we may receive tenant requests for rent deferrals in the coming months, we do not expect to waive our contractual rights under our lease agreements. Further, while occupancy remains strong at 94.6% and 94.5% as ofJune 30, 2022 andJuly 31, 2022 , respectively, in future periods, we may experience reduced levels of tenant retention, and reduced foot traffic and lease applications from prospective tenants, as a result of the impact of COVID-19. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and any resulting macro-economic changes on our rental revenue for the third quarter of 2022 and thereafter cannot be determined at present. The situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain, and we are actively managing our response in collaboration with business partners in our network and service providers and assessing potential impacts to our financial position and operating results, as well as potential adverse developments in our business. While we expect COVID-19 to adversely impact our tenants in the short term, we believe the knowledge economy renter by choice targeted by our Class A affordable rent strategy should be less impacted by COVID-19 related job loss, which should provide a downside buffer in the interim and allow us to reaccelerate rent growth more quickly once more economic certainty exists around the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have taken actions to prioritize the health and well-being of our tenants and our employees, while maintaining our high standard of service. As ofJune 30, 2022 , all our properties are open and are complying with federal, state and local government orders. In keeping with such orders, we have implemented, and will continue to implement, operational changes, including the adoption of social distancing practices, additional use of PPE equipment and a virtual leasing/virtual office structure. Our property offices are now open to the public and to residents by appointment and with strict social distancing protocols in place. Work orders are now being completed, also with strict safety protocols in place including PPE equipment and a safety questionnaire of each resident at time of request. Generally, the outdoor amenity areas at our communities, including pools, pet parks, and outdoor social areas, have re-opened with strict social distancing protocols, limited capacity and cleaning protocols implemented. Our properties continue the cleaning protocols for the sanitization of all community common areas (including handrails, doors and elevators). Our corporate offices have also transitioned from a full remote work week to a hybrid model. There can be no assurances that the continuation of such remote work arrangements for an extended period of time will not strain our business continuity plans, introduce operational risk, including cybersecurity risks, or impair our ability to manage our business. 43
Table of Contents
Other Significant Developments
Acquisition of and Investments in Real Estate
During the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , we acquired an additional 405 single-family residential units through four new or existing joint ventures for total purchase prices of$103.7 million . Additionally, we increased our preferred equity investments inChandler ,Deerwood Apartments ,Lower Broadway ,Orange City Apartments , The Cottages atMyrtle Beach , The Cottages atWarner Robins , The Cottages ofPort St. Lucie ,The Woods atForest Hill and Wayford atInnovation Park by an aggregate of approximately$59.8 million . We entered into a mezzanine loan agreement withWeatherford 185 and provided loan funding of approximately$9.6 million , and we subsequently received principal loan repayments fromWeatherford 185 in the aggregate of$0.2 million . We also provided increased mezzanine loan funding to Domain at The One Forty of approximately$0.1 million .
The following is a summary of our real estate investments made during the six
months ended
Number of Ownership Purchase Name - Operating Market Date of Investment (1) Units Interest Price Single-Family Residential (2) Granbury 2.0 (3) Granbury, TX March 11, 2022 34 80 %$ 7.7 Savannah 319 Savannah, GA March 17, 2022 19 80 % 4.5 Golden Pacific IN / KS / MO 1Q 2022 62 97 % 11.8 ILE TX / SE US 1Q 2022 31 95 % 7.0 Ballast AZ / CO / WA 2Q 2022 65 95 % 26.1 Golden Pacific IN / KS / MO 2Q 2022 66 97 % 14.0 ILE TX / SE US 2Q 2022 108 95 % 27.8 Savannah 319 Savannah, GA 2Q 2022 20 80 % 4.8 Total Operating 405$ 103.7 Number of Commitment Investment Name - Mezzanine Loan Market Date of Investment Units Amount Amount Single-Family Residential Weatherford 185 (4) Weatherford, TX February 15, 2022 185$ 9.6 $ 9.6 Total Mezzanine Loan 185$ 9.6 Total 590$ 113.3
For those acquisitions where the quarter is specified, we acquired additional
units on various dates throughout that specified quarter. These additional (1) units were added to the respective existing portfolios. For Ballast, the
units acquired in the second quarter 2022 were the first of our acquisitions
for that portfolio.
(2) Single-Family Residential includes single-family residential homes and
attached townhomes/flats.
At the time of closing, we made a common equity investment in
and provided a mezzanine loan to the portfolio owner. On
Refer to Note 7 of our consolidated financial statements for further
information.
(4) On
full.
Sale of Real Estate Assets and Investments
We received loan payoffs of approximately$164.5 million from the sale of four properties. Additionally, four properties underlying unconsolidated joint ventures were sold and our preferred equity investments were redeemed for net proceeds of$30.7 million . 44 Table of Contents
The following is a summary of our loan payoffs and redemptions of preferred
equity investments during the six months ended
Number of Sale BRG Net Property Location Date Sold Units Price Proceeds Mezzanine Loan Reunion Apartments Orlando, FL February 25, 2022 280$ 90.0 $ 12.5 The Hartley at Blue Hill Chapel Hill, NC February 28, 2022 414 114.2 39.4 (1) Motif Fort Lauderdale, FL March 24, 2022 385 195.0 87.2 Domain at The One Forty Garland, TX May 5, 2022 299 74.2 25.4 Total Mezzanine Loan 1,378$ 473.4 $ 164.5 Preferred Equity Alexan CityCentre Houston, TX January 20, 2022 340$ 92.8 $ 18.7 Georgetown Crossing Savannah, GA March 29, 2022 168 30.0 2.2 Park on the Square Pensacola, FL April 12, 2022 240 61.3 5.9 The Commons Jacksonville, FL June 16, 2022 328 58.9 3.9 Total Preferred Equity
1,076$ 243.0 $ 30.7 Total 2,454$ 716.4 $ 195.2
(1) On
parcel of land adjacent to The
for
amount.
Redemptions of Preferred Stock
During the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , we, at the request of holders, redeemed 962 shares of Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock and 36,771 shares of Series T Redeemable Preferred Stock for$0.9 million and$0.9 million in cash, respectively. Our total stockholders' equity decreased$33.3 million from$83.9 million as ofDecember 31, 2021 to$50.6 million as ofJune 30, 2022 . The decrease in our total stockholders' equity is primarily attributable to dividends declared of$46.9 million and preferred stock accretion of$10.8 million , partially offset by net income of$15.3 million and the impact of Company Warrant exercises of$5.5 million during the six months endedJune 30, 2022 . 45 Table of Contents Results of Operations
The following is a summary of our stabilized consolidated operating real estate
investments as of
Number of Date Ownership Average % Name Location Units Built/Renovated (1) Interest Rent (2) Occupied (3) Multifamily ARIUM Glenridge Atlanta, GA 480 1990 90 %$ 1,520 93.1 % ARIUM Westside Atlanta, GA 336 2008 90 % 1,649 89.6 % Ashford Belmar Lakewood, CO 512 1988/1993 85 % 1,863 95.7 % Avenue 25 Phoenix, AZ 254 2013 100 % 1,494 92.9 % Burano Hunter's Creek Orlando, FL 532 1999 100 % 1,608 96.4 % Carrington at Perimeter Park Morrisville, NC 266 2007 100 % 1,425 97.7 % Chattahoochee Ridge Atlanta, GA 358 1996 90 % 1,563 95.5 % Chevy Chase Austin, TX 320 1971 92 % 1,171 95.6 % Cielo on Gilbert Mesa, AZ 432 1985 90 % 1,382 95.4 % Citrus Tower Orlando, FL 336 2006 97 % 1,588 97.0 % Denim Scottsdale, AZ 645 1979 100 % 1,509 96.1 % Elan Austin, TX 270 2007 100 % 1,308 96.3 % Element Las Vegas, NV 200 1995 100 % 1,519 94.5 % Falls at Forsyth Cumming, GA 356 2019 100 % 1,629 94.4 % Gulfshore Apartment Homes Naples, FL 368 2016 100 % 1,530 94.8 % Outlook at Greystone Birmingham, AL 300 2007 100 % 1,305 97.7 % Pine Lakes Preserve Port St. Lucie, FL 320 2003 100 % 1,744 94.7 %Providence Trail Mount Juliet, TN 334 2007 100 % 1,508 97.3 % Roswell City Walk Roswell, GA 320 2015 98 % 1,821 92.5 % Sands Parc Daytona Beach, FL 264 2017 100 % 1,613 94.7 % The Brodie Austin, TX 324 2001 100 % 1,513 98.5 % The Debra Metrowest Orlando, FL 510 2001 100 % 1,634 96.3 % The Links at Plum Creek Castle Rock, CO 264 2000 88 % 1,603 97.0 % The Mills Greenville, SC 304 2013 100 % 1,194 97.7 %
The Preserve at Henderson BeachDestin, FL
340 2009 100 % 1,793 97.4 % The Sanctuary Las Vegas, NV 320 1988 100 % 1,348 94.1 % Veranda at Centerfield Houston, TX 400 1999 93 % 1,120 95.5 % Villages of Cypress Creek Houston, TX 384 2001 80 % 1,297 94.8 % Wesley Village Charlotte, NC 301 2010 100 % 1,533 97.0 % Windsor Falls Raleigh, NC 276 1994 100 % 1,238 96.4 % Total Multifamily Units 10,626 Average Year Average Single-Family Residential (4) Market Built Rent (5) Ballast AZ / CO / WA 65 1999 95 % 2,389 60.9 % (6) Golden Pacific IN / KS / MO 135 1975 97 % 1,331 45.3 % (6) ILE TX / SE US 418 1990 95 % 1,689 93.6 % (6) Navigator Villas Pasco, WA 176 2013 90 % 1,383 (2) 95.5 % Peak Axelrod Garland, TX 22 1959 80 % 1,297 95.5 % DFW 189 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX 189 1962 56 % 990 97.9 % Granbury Granbury, TX 36 2020-2021 80 % 1,567 94.4 % Granbury 2.0 Granbury, TX 34 2021-2022 80 % 1,708 100.0 % Indy Indianapolis, IN 44 1958 60 % 840 86.4 % Lubbock Lubbock, TX 60 1955 80 % 983 91.7 % Lubbock 2.0 Lubbock, TX 75 1972 80 % 1,223 86.7 % Lubbock 3.0 Lubbock, TX 45 1945 80 % 944 84.4 % Lynnwood Lubbock, TX 20 2005 80 % 1,006 90.0 % Lynnwood 2.0 Lubbock, TX 20 2003 80 % 997 85.0 % Savannah 319 Savannah, GA 39 2022 80 % 1,569 79.5 % Springfield Springfield, MO 290 2004 60 % 1,147 95.5 % Springtown Springtown, TX 70 1991 80 % 1,236 91.4 % Springtown 2.0 Springtown, TX 14 2018 80 % 1,414 85.7 % Texarkana Texarkana, TX 29 1967 80 % 1,012 93.1 % Texas Portfolio 183 Various / TX 183 1975 80 % 1,309 86.3 % Wayford at Concord Concord, NC 150 2019 83 % 2,025 (2) 98.0 % Yauger Park Villas Olympia, WA 80 2010 95 % 2,230 (2) 98.8 %
Total Single-family Units
2,194 Total Units/Average 12,820$ 1,495 94.6 %
(1)Represents date of last significant renovation or year built if there were no renovations.
(2)Represents the average effective monthly rent per occupied unit for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 . Total concessions for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 amounted to approximately$0.05 million .
(3)Percent occupied is calculated as (i) the number of units occupied as of
(4)Single-Family Residential includes single-family residential homes and attached townhomes/flats.
(5)Represents the average of the ending average effective rent per occupied unit as of the last day of each month in the second quarter 2022.
(6)Percent occupied for Ballast, Golden Pacific and ILE excludes 1, 40 and 75 down units under renovation, respectively.
46
Table of Contents
The following is a summary of our preferred equity, loan and ground lease
investments as of
Total Actual/ Actual/ Estimated Actual/ Actual/ Actual/ Pro Planned Construction Estimated Estimated Estimated Forma Number Cost Cost to Date Construction Initial Construction Average Lease-up Investment Name (1) Location / Market of Units (in millions) (in millions) Cost Per Unit Occupancy Completion Rent (2) Multifamily Zoey Austin, TX 307 $ 59.5 $ 58.9$ 193,811 4Q 2021 1Q 2022$ 1,762 Total Multifamily Units 307 Single-Family Residential Willow Park Willow Park, TX 46 14.5 10.9 315,217 2Q 2022 1Q 2023 2,362 Total Single-family Units 46 Total Lease-up Units 353 Development Investment Name (1) Multifamily Avondale Hills Decatur, GA 240 52.4 46.7 218,333 1Q 2023 1Q 2023 1,538 Deerwood Apartments Houston, TX 330 65.8 45.5 199,394 4Q 2022 2Q 2023 1,590 Chandler Chandler, AZ 208 48.2 17.0 231,731 3Q 2023 4Q 2023 1,457
Orange City Apartments Orange City, FL 298
60.5 19.2 203,020 1Q 2023 4Q 2023 1,457 Lower Broadway San Antonio, TX 386 91.5 37.6 237,047 4Q 2023 2Q 2024 1,769 Total Multifamily Units 1,462 Single-Family Residential The Woods at Forest Hill Forest Hill, TX 76 14.8 6.8 194,737 1Q 2023 3Q 2023
1,625
The Cottages at Myrtle Beach Myrtle Beach, SC 294 63.2 29.2 214,966 2Q 2023 4Q 2023
1,743
The Cottages at
53.1 17.5 211,554 3Q 2023 4Q 2023
1,346
The Cottages of
69.6 24.2 243,357 1Q 2023 4Q 2023 2,133 Wayford at Innovation Park Charlotte, NC 210 62.0 12.8 295,238 3Q 2023 3Q 2024 1,994 Weatherford 185 (3) Weatherford, TX 185 - - - - - 1,874 Total Single-family Units 1,302 Total Development Units 2,764 Number Average
Operating Investment Name (1) Location / Market of Units
Rent (2) Multifamily Deercross Indianapolis, IN 372$ 825 Hunter's Pointe Pensacola, FL 204 1,223 Renew 3030 Mesa, AZ 126 1,222 Spring Parc Dallas, TX 304 1,132
The Crossings of Dawsonville Dawsonville, GA 216
1,577
The Reserve at Palmer Ranch Sarasota, FL 320
1,680 The Riley Richardson, TX 262 1,564 Water's Edge Pensacola, FL 184 1,429 Total Multifamily Units 1,988 Single-Family Residential Peak Housing (4) IN / MO / TX 474 936 Total Single-family Units 474 Total Operating Units 2,462 Total Units/Average 5,579$ 1,501 (5)
Investments in which we have a preferred equity, loan or ground lease (1) investment. Operating investments represent stabilized operating investments.
Refer to Note 6 and Note 7 in our consolidated financial statements for further information.
For lease-up and development investments, represents the average pro forma (2) effective monthly rent per occupied unit for all expected occupied units upon
stabilization. For operating investments, represents the average effective
monthly rent per occupied unit.
(3) The development is in the planning phase; final project specifications are in
process.
statements for further information). Unit count excludes units presented in
the consolidated operating investments table above.
(5) The average effective monthly rent including sold properties was
the three months endedJune 30, 2022 . 47 Table of Contents
Three Months Ended
Revenue
Rental and other property revenues increased$8.8 million , or 18%, to$58.5 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$49.7 million for the same prior year period. This was due to a$7.1 million increase from the acquisition of three investments in 2022 and the full period impact of nineteen investments acquired in 2021, and a$5.6 million increase from same store properties, partially offset by a$3.9 million decrease driven by the full period impact of four investments sold in 2021. Interest income from loan and ground lease investments decreased$3.0 million , or 74%, to$1.1 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$4.1 million for the same prior year period primarily due to the sales of five underlying investments in 2022 and 2021, decreases in interest rates, and the impact of deferred income at Motif, partially offset by increases in the average balance of mezzanine loans outstanding and the acquisition of one investment in 2022. Expenses Property operating expenses increased$2.9 million , or 15%, to$21.8 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$18.9 million for the same prior year period. This was primarily due to a$3.6 million increase from the acquisition of properties in 2022 and 2021 and a$0.7 million increase from same store properties, partially offset by a$1.4 million decrease from sold properties. Property NOI margins increased to 62.7% of total revenues for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 from 62.0% in the prior year period. Property NOI margins are computed as total rental and other property revenues less property operating expenses, divided by total rental and other property revenues. Property management fees expense increased$0.9 million , or 69%, to$2.1 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$1.2 million in the same prior year period. Property management fees incurred are based on property level revenues.
General and administrative expenses amounted to
Acquisition and pursuit costs amounted to
Acquisition and pursuit costs for the same prior year period were insignificant.
Depreciation and amortization expenses were$21.4 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$19.9 million for the same prior year period. This was due to a$3.3 million increase from the acquisition of investments in 2022 and 2021 partially offset by a$1.3 million decrease driven by the sales of investments in 2022 and 2021 and a$0.5 million decrease from same store properties.
Other Income and Expense
Other income and expense amounted to expense of$7.9 million for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to income of$7.7 million for the same prior year period. This was primarily due to a decrease in gain on sale of real estate investments of$19.4 million and an increase in transaction costs of$2.2 million , partially offset by an increase in gain on sale of unconsolidated joint venture of$2.8 million , an increase in preferred returns on unconsolidated real estate joint ventures of$2.2 million , and a decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt of$0.6 million . 48 Table of Contents
Six Months Ended
Revenue
Rental and other property revenues increased$14.2 million , or 14%, to$115.0 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$100.8 million for the same prior year period. This was due to a$14.2 million increase from the acquisition of three investments in 2022 and the full period impact of nineteen investments acquired in 2021, and a$11.2 million increase from same store properties, partially offset by a$11.2 million decrease driven by the full period impact of seven investments sold in 2021. Interest income from related parties and ground leases decreased$1.0 million , or 11%, to$7.8 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$8.8 million for the same prior year period due to the sales of five underlying investments in 2022 and 2021 and decreases in interest rates, partially offset by the recognition of deferred income at Motif, increases in the average balance of mezzanine loans outstanding, and the acquisition of one investment in 2022.
Expenses
Property operating expenses increased$2.9 million , or 7%, to$41.7 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$38.8 million for the same prior year period. This was primarily due to a$6.6 million increase from the acquisition of properties in 2022 and 2021 and a$0.8 million increase from same store properties, partially offset by a$4.5 million decrease from sold properties. Property NOI margins increased to 63.8% of total revenues for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 from 61.5% in the prior year period. Property NOI margins are computed as total rental and other property revenues less property operating expenses, divided by total rental and other property revenues. Property management fees expense increased$1.5 million , or 57%, to$4.0 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$2.5 million in the same prior year period. Property management fees incurred are based on property level revenues.
General and administrative expenses amounted to
Acquisition and pursuit costs amounted to$0.1 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 . Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods. Acquisition and pursuit costs for the same prior year period were insignificant. Weather-related losses, net amounted to$0.4 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2021 . The 2021 expense related to freeze damages at eight properties inTexas . No weather-related losses were recorded in 2022. Depreciation and amortization expenses were$43.5 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 as compared to$40.3 million for the same prior year period. This was due to a$7.5 million increase from the acquisition of investments in 2022 and 2021 partially offset by a$3.4 million decrease driven by the sales of investments in 2022 and 2021 and a$0.9 million decrease from same store properties.
Other Income and Expense
Other income and expense amounted to expense of$17.4 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 compared to income of$61.6 million for the same prior year period. This was primarily due to a decrease in gain on sale of real estate investments of$88.3 million and an increase in transaction costs of$9.7 million . This was partially offset by an increase in gain on sale of unconsolidated joint venture of$6.7 million , an increase in preferred returns on unconsolidated real estate joint ventures of$3.7 million , a decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt of$3.7 million , and a net decrease in interest expense of$2.4 million . 49 Table of Contents Property Operations We define "same store" properties as those that we owned and operated for the entirety of both periods being compared, except for properties that are in the construction or lease-up phases, properties that are undergoing development or significant redevelopment, or properties held for sale. We move properties previously excluded from our same store portfolio for these reasons into the same store designation once they have stabilized or the development or redevelopment is complete and such status has been reflected fully in all quarters during the applicable periods of comparison. For newly constructed or lease-up properties or properties undergoing significant redevelopment, we consider a property stabilized upon attainment of 90.0% physical occupancy. For comparison of our three months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021, the same store properties included properties owned atApril 1, 2021 . For comparison of our six months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021, the same store properties included properties owned atJanuary 1, 2021 . Our same store properties for both the three and six months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021 consisted of 30 properties, representing 10,526 units. The following table presents the same store and non-same store results from operations for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021 ($ in thousands): Three Months Ended June 30, Change 2022 2021 $ % Property Revenues Same Store$ 50,612 $ 44,981 $ 5,631 12.5 % Non-Same Store 7,903 4,740 3,163 66.7 % Total property revenues 58,515 49,721 8,794 17.7 % Property Expenses Same Store 17,822 17,136 686 4.0 % Non-Same Store 3,984 1,773 2,211 124.7 % Total property expenses 21,806 18,909 2,897 15.3 % Same Store NOI 32,790 27,845 4,945 17.8 % Non-Same Store NOI 3,919 2,967 952 32.1 % Total NOI (1)$ 36,709 $ 30,812 $ 5,897 19.1 % Six Months Ended June 30, Change 2022 2021 $ % Property Revenues Same Store$ 100,010 $ 88,801 $ 11,209 12.6 % Non-Same Store 15,004 12,002 3,002 25.0 % Total property revenues 115,014 100,803 14,211 14.1 % Property Expenses Same Store 34,757 33,987 770 2.3 % Non-Same Store 6,933 4,854 2,079 42.8 % Total property expenses 41,690 38,841 2,849 7.3 % Same Store NOI 65,253 54,814 10,439 19.0 % Non-Same Store NOI 8,071 7,148 923 12.9 % Total NOI (1)$ 73,324 $ 61,962 $ 11,362 18.3 %
See "Net Operating Income" below for a reconciliation of Same Store NOI, (1) Non-Same Store NOI and Total NOI to net income (loss) and a discussion of how
management uses this non-GAAP financial measure. 50 Table of Contents
Three Months Ended
Same store net operating income ("NOI") for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 increased 17.8%, or$4.9 million , compared to the 2021 period. Same store property revenues increased 12.5%, or$5.6 million , as compared to the 2021 period, primarily attributable to a 14.0% increase in average rental rates; of our thirty same store properties, all thirty recognized rental rate increases during the period. In addition, a$0.5 million increase in ancillary income, such as administrative fees, utility income, trash fees, termination fees and late fees, contributed to the revenue increase. This increase was partially offset by a 50-basis point decrease in occupancy and a$0.2 million decrease in collections. Same store expenses for the three months endedJune 30, 2022 increased 4.0%, or$0.7 million , compared to the 2021 period, and was attributable to a$0.2 million increase in each of the following areas: insurance, payroll, and utilities, along with a$0.1 million increase in both seasonal maintenance and turnover. These increases were partially offset by a$0.2 million decrease in in real estate taxes. Non-same store property revenues and property expenses for the three months endedJune 20, 2022 increased$3.2 million and$2.2 million , respectively, compared to the 2021 period due to the timing and volume of operating property transactions. We acquired twenty-two operating investments representing 2,294 units and sold four operating investments representing 1,058 units sinceApril 1, 2021 .
Six Months Ended
Same store NOI for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 increased 19.0%, or$10.4 million , compared to the 2021 period. Same store property revenues increased 12.6%, or$11.2 million , as compared to the 2021 period, attributable to a 13.4% increase in average rental rates; of our thirty same store properties, all thirty recognized rental rate increases during the period. In addition, a$0.9 million increase in ancillary income, such as administrative fees, utility income, trash fees, termination fees and late fees, contributed to the revenue increase. This increase was partially offset by a$0.2 million decrease in collections. Average occupancy was flat at 95.6% for both the 2022 and 2021 period. Same store expenses for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 increased 2.3%, or$0.8 million , compared to the 2021 period, and was attributable to the following increases:$0.4 million in insurance,$0.3 million in seasonal maintenance,$0.2 million in utilities and$0.1 million increase in payroll. These increases were partially offset by a$0.3 million decrease in in real estate taxes. Non-same store property revenues and property expenses for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 increased$3.0 million and$2.1 million , respectively, compared to the 2021 period due to the timing and volume of operating property transactions. We acquired twenty-two operating investments representing 2,294 units and sold seven operating investments representing 2,196 units sinceJanuary 1, 2021 .
Net Operating Income
We believe that NOI is a useful measure of our operating performance. We define NOI as total property revenues less total property operating expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization and interest. Other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating NOI, and accordingly, our NOI may not be comparable to other REITs. NOI also is a computation made by analysts and investors to measure a real estate company's operating performance. We believe that this measure provides an operating perspective not immediately apparent from GAAP operating income or net income. We use NOI to evaluate our performance on a same store and non-same store basis; NOI allows us to evaluate the operating performance of our properties because it measures the core operations of property performance by excluding corporate level expenses and other items not related to property operating performance and captures trends in rental housing and property operating expenses. 51
Table of Contents
However, NOI should only be used as a supplemental measure of our financial performance. The following table reflects net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders together with a reconciliation to NOI and to same store and non-same store contributions to consolidated NOI, as computed in accordance with GAAP for the periods presented (amounts in thousands): Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders$ (17,274) $ (5,429) $ (32,670) $ 18,152 Add back: Net (loss) income attributable to Operating Partnership Units (6,108) (1,978) (11,924) 8,182 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and unit holders (23,382) (7,407) (44,594) 26,334 Add common stockholders and Operating Partnership Units pro-rata share of: Real estate depreciation and amortization 19,945 19,036 40,368 38,440 Non-real estate depreciation and amortization 122 122 244 244 Non-cash interest expense 744 549 1,148 1,154 Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives (833) 20 (1,959) (11) Loss on extinguishment of debt and debt modification costs - 609 - 3,173 Provision for credit losses (134) 26 (930) 567 Property management fees 1,931 1,194 3,641 2,417
Acquisition and pursuit costs 71 3 116 15 Corporate operating expenses 7,209 6,520 15,054 13,090 Transaction costs 2,158 - 9,703 - Weather-related losses, net - -
- 360 Preferred dividends 18,557 14,367 37,129 28,984 Preferred stock accretion 5,639 7,290 10,845 14,312 Less common stockholders and Operating Partnership Units pro-rata share of: Other income, net 1,523 57 2,509 108 Preferred returns on unconsolidated real estate joint ventures 4,547 2,329 8,364 4,616 Interest income from loan and ground lease investments 1,348 4,114 8,725 8,835 Gain on sale of real estate investments - 18,630 - 81,058 Gain on sale of unconsolidated joint ventures 2,802 - 6,694 - Pro-rata share of properties' income 21,807 17,199 44,473 34,462 Add: Noncontrolling interest pro-rata share of partially owned property income 1,410 738
3,029 1,378 Total property income 23,217 17,937 47,502 35,840 Add: Interest expense 13,492 12,875 25,822 26,122 Net operating income 36,709 30,812 73,324 61,962 Less:
Non-same store net operating income 3,919 2,967 8,071 7,148 Same store net operating income$ 32,790 $ 27,845 $
65,253
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, both short- and long-term. Our primary short-term liquidity requirements historically have related to (a) our operating expenses and other general business needs, (b) distributions to our stockholders, (c) committed investments and capital requirements to fund development and renovations at existing properties, and (d) ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, including our credit facilities and our maturing short-term debt. 52 Table of Contents Our ability to access capital on favorable terms as well as to use cash from operations to continue to meet our short-term liquidity needs could be affected by various risks and uncertainties, including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other risks detailed in Part II, Item 1A titled "Risk Factors" and in the other reports we have filed with theSEC . Previously, we have provided rent deferral payment plans as a result of hardships certain tenants experienced due to the impact of COVID-19, decreasing from 1% in the quarter endedJune 30, 2020 to none in the quarter endedJune 30, 2022 . Although we may receive tenant requests for rent deferrals in the coming months, we do not expect to waive our contractual rights under our lease agreements. Further, while occupancy remains strong at 94.6% and 94.5% as ofJune 30, 2022 andJuly 31, 2022 , respectively, in future periods we may experience reduced levels of tenant retention, and reduced foot traffic and lease applications from prospective tenants, as a result of COVID-19 impact. As we did in 2021 and to date in 2022, we expect to maintain a proactive capital allocation process and selectively sell assets at appropriate cap rates, which would be expected to generate cash sources for both our short-term and long-term liquidity needs. In general, we believe our available cash balances, the Amended Senior and Amended Junior Credit Facilities, the Deutsche Bank Credit Facility (the "DB Credit Facility") and the Fannie Facility (each as defined below), other financing arrangements and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund our liquidity requirements with respect to our existing portfolio for the next 12 months. We expect that properties added to our portfolio will have a positive impact on our future results of operations. In general, we expect that our results related to our portfolio will improve in future periods as a result of anticipated future investments in and acquisitions of real estate. However, there can be no assurance that the worldwide economic disruptions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic will not cause conditions in the lending, capital and other financial markets to deteriorate, nor that our future revenues or access to capital and other sources of funding will not become constrained, which could reduce the amount of liquidity and credit available for use in acquiring and further diversifying our portfolio of multifamily assets. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to add properties to our portfolio at the anticipated pace, or at all.
We believe we will be able to meet our primary liquidity requirements going forward through:
?
?
? cash generated from operating activities; and
proceeds from future borrowings and potential offerings, including potential
? offerings of common and preferred stock through underwritten offerings, as well
as issuances of units of limited partnership interest in our Operating
Partnership, or OP Units.
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as ofJune 30, 2022 related to our mortgage notes secured by our properties and revolving credit facilities. AtJune 30, 2022 , our estimated future required payments on these obligations were as follows (amounts in thousands): Remainder of Total 2022 2023-2024 2025-2026 Thereafter Mortgages Payable (Principal)$ 1,396,841 $ 11,760 $ 330,021 $ 493,062 $ 561,998 Revolving Credit Facilities 49,407 - 49,407 - - Estimated Interest Payments on Mortgages Payable and Revolving Credit Facilities 229,778 27,321 100,109 60,283 42,065 Total$ 1,676,026 $ 39,081 $ 479,537 $ 553,345 $ 604,063 Estimated interest payments are based on the stated rates for mortgage notes payable assuming the interest rate in effect for the most recent quarter remains in effect through the respective maturity dates. As ofJune 30, 2022 , the aggregate amount of our contractual commitments to fund future cash obligations in certain of our preferred equity, loan and joint venture investments was$60.0 million ; as ofAugust 2, 2022 , this amount was$25.7 million . At the current time, we do not anticipate the need to establish any material contingency reserves related to the COVID-19 pandemic, but we continue to assess along with our network of business partners the possible need for such contingencies, whether at the corporate or property level. 53
Table of Contents
As equity capital market conditions permit, we may supplement our capital for short-term liquidity needs with proceeds of potential offerings of common and preferred stock through underwritten offerings, as well as issuance of OP Units. Given the significant volatility in the trading price of our Class A common stock and REIT equities generally associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and our otherwise stable financial condition and liquidity position, we cannot provide assurances that these offerings are a likely source of capital to meet short-term liquidity needs. Our primary long-term liquidity requirements relate to (a) costs for additional multifamily apartment community and single-family residential home investments, (b) repayment of long-term debt and our credit facilities, (c) capital expenditures, and (d) cash redemption requirements related to our Series B Preferred Stock, Series C Preferred Stock and Series T Preferred Stock. We intend to finance our long-term liquidity requirements with net proceeds of additional issuances of common and preferred stock, our credit facilities, as well as future borrowings. Our success in meeting these requirements will therefore depend upon our ability to access capital. Further, our ability to access equity capital is dependent upon, among other things, general market conditions for REITs and the capital markets generally, market perceptions about us and our asset class, and current trading prices of our securities, all of which may continue to be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We may also meet our long-term liquidity needs through borrowings from a number of sources, either at the corporate or project level. We believe the Amended Senior and Amended Junior Credit Facilities, the DB Credit Facility, as well as the Fannie Facility, will continue to enable us to deploy our capital more efficiently and provide capital structure flexibility as we grow our asset base. We expect the combination of these facilities to provide us flexibility by allowing us, among other things, to use borrowings under our Amended Senior and Amended Junior Credit Facilities and the DB Credit Facility to acquire properties pending placement of permanent mortgage indebtedness, including under the Fannie Facility. In addition to restrictive covenants, these credit facilities contain material financial covenants. AtJune 30, 2022 , we were in compliance with all covenants under our credit facilities. We will continue to monitor the debt markets, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and as market conditions permit, access borrowings that are advantageous to us. We intend to continue to use prudent amounts of leverage in making our investments, which we define as having total indebtedness of approximately 65% of the fair market value of the properties in which we have invested. For purposes of calculating our leverage, we assume full consolidation of all of our real estate investments, whether or not they would be consolidated under GAAP, include assets we have classified as held for sale, and include any joint venture level indebtedness in our total indebtedness. However, we are not subject to any limitations on the amount of leverage we may use, and accordingly, the amount of leverage we use may be significantly less or greater than we currently anticipate. We expect our leverage to decline commensurately as we execute our business plan to grow our net asset value. If we are unable to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all, we would likely need to curtail our investment activities, including acquisitions and improvements to and developments of, real properties, which could limit our growth prospects. This, in turn, could reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders and may hinder our ability to raise capital by issuing more securities or borrowing more money. We also may be forced to dispose of assets at inopportune times to maintain our REIT qualification and Investment Company Act exemption. We expect to maintain distributions paid to our Series B Preferred Stock, our Series C Preferred Stock, our Series D Preferred Stock and our Series T Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms of those securities which require monthly or quarterly dividends depending on the series. While our policy is generally to pay distributions from cash flow from operations, our distributions throughJune 30, 2022 have been paid from cash flow from operations, proceeds from our continuous preferred stock offerings, sales of assets, proceeds from underwritten securities offerings, and may in the future be paid from additional sources, such as from borrowings. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, we are not permitted to make, declare or pay regular quarterly cash dividends on Company Common Stock for fiscal quarters after the fiscal quarter endedJune 30, 2022 . We have notes receivable in conjunction with properties that are in various stages of development, in lease-up and operating. To date, these investments have generally been structured as mezzanine loans and mortgage loans to these types of projects. The notes receivable provide a current stated return, and in certain cases, an accrued return, and required repayment based on a fixed maturity date, generally in relation to the property's construction loan or mortgage loan maturity. If the property does not repay the notes receivable upon maturity, our income, FFO, CFFO and cash flows could be reduced below the stated returns currently being recognized if the property does not produce sufficient cash flow to pay its operating expenses and debt service, or to refinance its debt obligations. 54 Table of Contents We also have preferred equity interests in properties that are in various stages of development, in lease-up and operating, and our preferred equity investments are structured to provide a current and/or accrued preferred return during all phases. Each joint venture in which we own a preferred equity interest is required to redeem our preferred equity interests, plus any accrued preferred return, based on a fixed maturity date, generally in relation to the property's construction loan or mortgage loan maturity. Upon redemption of our preferred equity interests, our income, FFO, CFFO and cash flows could be reduced below the preferred returns currently being recognized. Alternatively, if the joint ventures do not redeem our preferred equity interest when required, our income, FFO, CFFO and cash flows could be reduced if the property does not produce sufficient cash flow to pay its operating expenses, debt service and preferred return obligations. As we evaluate our capital position and capital allocation strategy, we may consider alternative means of financing the loan and preferred equity investment activities at the subsidiary level.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As ofJune 30, 2022 , we have off-balance sheet arrangements that may have a material effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources or capital expenditures. As ofJune 30, 2022 , we own interests in seventeen joint ventures that are accounted for as held to maturity debt securities or loans.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
As ofJune 30, 2022 , we owned indirect equity interests in seventy-four real estate investments, consisting of fifty-two consolidated operating investments and twenty-two investments held through preferred equity, loan or ground lease investments. During the six months endedJune 30, 2022 , net cash provided by operating activities was$44.2 million after net income of$1.0 million was adjusted for the following:
? non-cash items of
? a decrease in notes and accrued interest receivable of
? an increase in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities of
? distributions and preferred returns from unconsolidated joint ventures of
million;
? a decrease in due from affiliates of
? a decrease in accounts receivable, prepaids and other assets of
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
During the six months ended
?
?
notes receivable; and
?
?
and
?
estate joint ventures.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
During the six months ended
? net proceeds of
? net borrowings of
? net proceeds of
? contributions from noncontrolling interests of
? partially offset by
stockholders;
?
?
?
?
55 Table of Contents
?
?
Capital Expenditures
The following table summarizes our total capital expenditures for the six months
ended
Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 Redevelopment/renovations$ 6,808 $ 7,258 Routine capital expenditures 3,728 1,901
Normally recurring capital expenditures 1,840 1,566 Total capital expenditures
$ 12,376 $ 10,725 Redevelopment and renovation costs are non-recurring capital expenditures for significant projects that are revenue enhancing through unit or common area upgrades, such as clubhouse renovations and kitchen remodels. Routine capital expenditures are necessary non-revenue generating improvements that extend the useful life of the property and that are less frequent in nature, such as roof repairs and asphalt resurfacing. Normally recurring capital expenditures are necessary non-revenue generating improvements that occur on a regular ongoing basis, such as carpet and appliances.
Funds from Operations and Core Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders and Unit Holders
We believe that funds from operations ("FFO"), as defined by theNational Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT"), and core funds from operations ("CFFO") are important non-GAAP supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT. FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that is widely recognized as a measure of REIT operating performance. We consider FFO to be an appropriate supplemental measure of our operating performance as it is based on a net income analysis of property portfolio performance that excludes non-cash items such as depreciation. The historical accounting convention used for real estate assets requires straight-line depreciation of buildings and improvements, which implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values historically rise and fall with market conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT, using historical accounting for depreciation, could be less informative. We define FFO, consistent with the NAREIT definition, as net income (loss), computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses on sales of depreciable real estate investments, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, plus impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities where the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Adjustments for notes receivable, unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures will be calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. CFFO makes certain adjustments to FFO, removing the effect of items that do not reflect ongoing property operations such as acquisition expenses, non-cash interest, unrealized gains or losses on derivatives, provision for credit losses, losses on extinguishment of debt and debt modification costs (includes prepayment penalties incurred and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and fair market value adjustments of assumed debt), deferred interest income from investments, one-time weather-related costs, transaction costs, stock compensation expense and preferred stock accretion. Additionally, CFFO removes noncash, nonrecurring other income of$1.3 million from both the three and six months endedJune 30, 2022 which represents our minimum interest credit upon the conversion of our loans toPeak Housing into common equity. This amount is reflected in net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests partially owned properties in our consolidated statements of operations and does not reflect ongoing property operations. Commencing in 2020, we do not deduct the accrued portion of income on our loan and preferred equity investments from FFO to determine CFFO as the income is deemed fully collectible. The accrued portion of the income totaled$3.7 million and$1.6 million , and$6.2 million and$2.8 million for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We believe that CFFO is helpful to investors as a supplemental performance measure because it excludes the effects of certain items which can create significant earnings volatility, but which do not directly relate to our core recurring property operations. As a result, we believe that CFFO can help facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and provides a more meaningful predictor of future earnings
potential. 56 Table of Contents Our calculation of CFFO differs from the methodology used for calculating CFFO by certain other REITs and, accordingly, our CFFO may not be comparable to CFFO reported by other REITs. Our management utilizes FFO and CFFO as measures of our operating performance after adjustment for certain non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization expenses, and acquisition and pursuit costs that are required by GAAP to be expensed but may not necessarily be indicative of current operating performance and that may not accurately compare our operating performance between periods. Furthermore, although FFO and CFFO and other supplemental performance measures are defined in various ways throughout the REIT industry, we also believe that FFO and CFFO may provide us and our stockholders with an additional useful measure to compare our financial performance to certain other REITs. Neither FFO nor CFFO is equivalent to net income (loss), including net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, or cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP. Furthermore, FFO and CFFO do not represent amounts available for management's discretionary use because of needed capital replacement or expansion, debt service obligations or other commitments or uncertainties. Neither FFO nor CFFO should be considered as an alternative to net income, including net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. We have acquired nineteen operating investments, made sixteen investments through preferred equity or loans, sold two operating investments and received payoffs of our loan or preferred equity in fifteen investments subsequent toJune 30, 2021 . We paid a quarterly common stock dividend of$0.1625 per share and unit, or a 203% payout on a CFFO basis, during the three months endedJune 30, 2022 . The results presented in the table below are not directly comparable and should not be considered an indication of our future operating performance. 57 Table of Contents
The table below presents our calculation of FFO and CFFO for the three and six
months ended
Three Months Ended Six Months Ended June 30, June 30, 2022 2021 2022 2021
Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders
(6,108) (1,978) (11,924) 8,182 Net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders and unit holders (23,382) (7,407) (44,594) 26,334 Common stockholders and Operating Partnership Units pro-rata share of: Real estate depreciation and amortization 19,945 19,036 40,368 38,440 Gain on sale of real estate investments - (18,630) - (81,058) Gain on sale of unconsolidated joint venture (2,802) - (6,694) - FFO Attributable to Common Stockholders and Unit Holders (6,239) (7,001) (10,920) (16,284) Common stockholders and Operating Partnership Units pro-rata share of: Acquisition and pursuit costs 71 3 116 15 Non-cash interest expense 744 549 1,148 1,154 Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives (833) 20 (1,959) (11) Provision for credit losses (134) 26 (930) 567 Loss on extinguishment of debt and debt modification costs - 609 - 3,173 Deferred interest income from mezzanine loan investment - 997 (2,996) 997 Weather-related losses, net - - - 360 Non-real estate depreciation and amortization 122 122 244 244 Transaction costs 2,158 - 9,703 - Other (income) expense, net (1,523) (49) (2,509) 48 Non-cash equity compensation 3,312 3,479 7,196 6,789 Preferred stock accretion 5,639 7,290 10,845 14,312 CFFO Attributable to Common Stockholders and Unit Holders$ 3,317
Per Share and Unit Information: FFO Attributable to Common Stockholders and Unit Holders - diluted
$ (0.15)
$ 0.08
Weighted average common shares and units outstanding - diluted 41,459,819
38,443,171 40,870,457 35,833,631
Operating cash flow, FFO and CFFO may also be used to fund all or a portion of certain capitalizable items that are excluded from FFO and CFFO.
Presentation of this information is intended to assist the reader in comparing the sustainability of the operating performance of different REITs, although it should be noted that not all REITs calculate FFO or CFFO the same way, so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful. FFO or CFFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders or as an indication of our liquidity, nor is either indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions. Both FFO and CFFO should be reviewed in connection with other GAAP measurements. 58 Table of Contents Distributions Payable to stockholders Date Declaration Date of record as of Amount Paid or Payable Class A Common Stock December 10, 2021 December 23, 2021$ 0.162500 January 5, 2022 March 14, 2022 March 25, 2022$ 0.162500 April 5, 2022 June 10, 2022 June 24, 2022$ 0.162500 July 5, 2022 ClassC Common Stock December 10, 2021 December 23, 2021$ 0.162500 January 5, 2022 March 14, 2022 March 25, 2022$ 0.162500 April 5, 2022 June 10, 2022 June 24, 2022$ 0.162500 July 5, 2022 Series B Preferred Stock October 11, 2021 December 23, 2021$ 5.00 January 5, 2022 January 14, 2022 January 25, 2022$ 5.00 February 4, 2022 January 14, 2022 February 25, 2022$ 5.00 March 4, 2022 January 14, 2022 March 25, 2022$ 5.00 April 5, 2022 April 11, 2022 April 25, 2022$ 5.00 May 5, 2022 May 13, 2022 May 25, 2022$ 5.00 June 3, 2022 June 10, 2022 June 24, 2022$ 5.00 July 5, 2022 Series C Preferred Stock December 10, 2021 December 23, 2021$ 0.4765625 January 5, 2022 March 14, 2022 March 25, 2022$ 0.4765625 April 5, 2022 June 10, 2022 June 24, 2022$ 0.4765625 July 5, 2022 Series D Preferred Stock December 10, 2021 December 23, 2021$ 0.4453125 January 5, 2022 March 14, 2022 March 25, 2022$ 0.4453125 April 5, 2022 June 10, 2022 June 24, 2022$ 0.4453125 July 5, 2022 Series T Preferred Stock October 11, 2021 December 23, 2021$ 0.128125 January 5, 2022 January 14, 2022 January 25, 2022$ 0.128125 February 4, 2022 January 14, 2022 February 25, 2022$ 0.128125 March 4, 2022 January 14, 2022 March 25, 2022$ 0.128125 April 5, 2022 April 11, 2022 April 25, 2022$ 0.128125 May 5, 2022 May 13, 2022 May 25, 2022$ 0.128125 June 3, 2022 June 10, 2022 June 24, 2022$ 0.128125 July 5, 2022 A portion of each dividend may constitute a return of capital for tax purposes. There is no assurance that we will continue to declare dividends or at this rate. Holders of OP Units and LTIP Units are entitled to receive "distribution equivalents" at the same time as dividends are paid to holders of our Class A common stock. We had a dividend reinvestment plan that allowed for participating stockholders to have their Class A common stock dividend distributions automatically reinvested in additional Class A common shares based on the average price of the Class A common shares on the investment date. We also had a dividend reinvestment plan that allowed for participating stockholders to have their Series T Preferred Stock dividend distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of Series T Preferred Stock at a price of$25.00 per share. InDecember 2021 , our Board approved the suspension of the dividend reinvestment plans until further notice. Our Board will determine the amount of dividends to be paid to our stockholders, subject to operating restrictions included in the Merger Agreement. The determination of our Board will be based on several factors, including funds available from operations, our capital expenditure requirements and the annual distribution requirements necessary to maintain our REIT status under the Internal Revenue Code. As a result, our distribution rate and payment frequency may vary from time to time. However, to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, we must make distributions equal to at least 90% of our "REIT taxable income" each year. While our policy is generally to pay distributions from cash flow from operations, we may declare distributions in excess of funds from operations. 59 Table of Contents Distributions paid were funded from cash provided by operating activities except with respect to$7.7 million and$2.1 million for the six months endedJune 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which were funded from sales of real estate or unconsolidated joint ventures, borrowings and/or proceeds from our equity offerings. Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 2021 (in thousands)
Cash provided by operating activities$ 44,175
Cash distributions to preferred stockholders$ (37,248) $ (29,838) Cash distributions to common stockholders (9,190)
(7,599)
Cash distributions to noncontrolling interests, excluding$9.8 million from the sale of real estate investments in 2021 (5,396) (4,719) Total distributions (51,834) (42,156) Shortfall$ (7,659) $ (2,137) Proceeds from sale of real estate investments, net of noncontrolling distributions of$9.8 million in 2021 $ -$ 95,128 Proceeds from sale and redemption of our preferred equity investment in unconsolidated real estate joint ventures$ 30,123 $ 31,412
Significant Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates
Our significant accounting policies and critical accounting estimates are disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2021 as filed with theSEC onMarch 11, 2022 , and Note 2, "Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," of our interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
Subsequent Events
Other than the items disclosed in Note 16 "Subsequent Events" to our interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the period endedJune 30, 2022 , no material events have occurred that required recognition or disclosure in these financial statements. Refer to Note 16 of our interim Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion.
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