Kudan : A white paper advocating the concept of the Metaverse and new trends through step-by-step development is now available

White Paper

February 24th, 2022

Kudan Inc.

A white paper advocating the concept of the Metaverse

and new trends through step-by-step development is now available

Kudan Inc. (headquarters in Shibuya-ku; CEO Daiu Ko; hereafter "Kudan"), a leading provider of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) solutions across multiple industries and applications, is pleased to announce that we have released a white paper titled " The World Beyond the Metaverse ~ Artificial Perception Enables the Fusion of Human and Machine ~".

In this white paper, Kudan will decipher the concept of Metaverse through its bird's-eye view of the technology evolution, and we will introduce Kudan's strategic initiatives.

In this white paper, Kudan provides a bird's eye view of the concept of the metaverse, which has become a major trend and focus of attention around the world, advocates new trends and future possibilities with the step-by-step development of the metaverse, and discusses the strategic position of Kudan's Artificial Perception (SLAM) technology.

About Kudan Inc.

Kudan (Tokyo Stock Exchange securities code: 4425) is a deep tech research and development company specializing in algorithms for artificial perception (AP). As a complement to artificial intelligence (AI), AP functions allow machines to develop autonomy. Currently, Kudan is using its high-level technical innovation to explore business areas based on its own milestone models established for deep tech which provide wide-ranging impact on several major industrial fields.

For more information, please refer to Kudan's website at https://www.kudan.io/.

■Company Details

Name: Kudan Inc.

Securities Code: 4425

Representative: CEO Daiu Ko

■For more details, please contact us from here.

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White Paper

The World Beyond the Metaverse

~ Artificial Perception Enables the Fusion of Human and Machine ~

Introduction

Metaverse is a concept proposed as "a three-dimensional virtual space and its services built on computers and computer networks". It continues to heat up as a buzzword, with global companies changing their company names to something related to the concept.

In this paper, we will decipher the background and future of Metaverse through a bird's-eye view of the technology evolution, and we will introduce Kudan's strategic initiatives.

Outline

The outline of this paper is as follows

• The "mechanization of humans" and the "humanization of machines" are two major trends in technology.
• The Metaverse has so far been an AR/VR metaverse for the
  "mechanization of humans," but it can be extended to a robotic metaverse for the "humanization of machines."
• The two metaverses will be integrated in the future, focusing on the core technology of "coupling human space and machine space."
• Toward this end, spatial coupling is required for everything from AR/VR to robotics, and the highly independent and versatile technology provided by Kudan will be necessary.

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Figure: the proposed integration and extension of Metaverse

Trends in technology development

One perspective from which to view technology is the axis between humans and machines. When we look back at history from the perspective of humans and machines acquiring each other's characteristics and approaching each other, the

technology industry has always developed in a way that fits either the

"mechanization of humans" or the "humanization of machines."

(The term "machine" here includes not only powered mechanical devices, but also intelligent computers and robots.)

For example, the development of the Internet and social networking services from the telephone and telegraph in the past can be called the "mechanization of humans" in the sense that human communication and relationships are being shifted to the digital world. On the other hand, the development from the industrial revolution to artificial intelligence can be said to be the "humanization of machines" in the sense that machines have acquired the power, intelligence and other abilities that humans possess.

The Metaverse, as commonly proposed, fits into the "mechanization of humans" and accelerates it by transferring human consciousness and experience to the digital world. Therefore, the Metaverse as a buzzword is the latest concept of

"human mechanization."

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White Paper

On the other hand, the latest concept of "humanization of machines" can be

seen as robotics and autonomous driving. These trends are in complete contrast

to the Metaverse, as machines are acquiring a higher level of ability to make human

decisions and actions.

Space coupling

When viewed from the perspective of humans and machines approaching each

other, an essential technological element for both "human mechanization" and

"machine humanization" emerges. It is the "coupling of human space and

machine space."

In the following, we will look at how the coupling of space occurs in both "human mechanization" and "machine humanization."

Spatial coupling in "mechanization of human"

Until now, the "real space where humans exist" and the "digital space where machines process" have been established separately. For example, the image seen from the monitor of a computer game and the real space of the room where the game is being played have been unrelated.

The Metaverse, on the other hand, combines spaces that have been separate for humans and machines in order to accelerate the "mechanization of humans" through the digitization of entertainment experiences. For example, in a computer game based on the Metaverse, through a headset device, the CG world in the game pops out of the monitor and provides an experience that swallows up the real space of the room where the game is being played.

This allows the user to immerse themselves in the CG and see and move around in the virtual world, as the virtual world appears to the user in conjunction with the user moving around in the room, giving the user the feeling that the real space and the digital space are connected.

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In this case, it is important that the real space (the real space in which humans move around) and the digital space (the CG space in which machines process information) are synchronized smoothly in real time, and a highly realistic user experience is based on advanced spatial coupling technology.

There are two types of Metaverse: one is called virtual reality (VR), in which the virtual space completely overrides the real space, and the other is called augmented reality (AR), in which the virtual space overrides the real space while partially retaining the real space. Since AR and VR work on the same spatial coupling principle, the Metaverse currently commonly proposed can be called an "AR/VR-basedmetaverse."

Spatial coupling in the "humanization of machines"

The same kind of "coupling of human space and machine space" is essential in "humanization of machines" such as robotics and autonomous driving.

For example, in computer games with car racing, it is easy to simulate driving by the computer. This is because information processing in the digital space is all that is needed to complete the simulation.

On the other hand, it becomes overwhelmingly difficult to drive a car automatically in a real urban environment. In automated driving, there are two spaces, the digital space where the computer is processing and the real space where the car is driving, and it is necessary to connect the two.

Specifically, as long as the digital space processed by the computer and the real space information in which the car is actually running are not synchronized (i.e., as long as the spatial information showing the ever-changing position and posture of the car and the surrounding environment is not updated in real time), no matter how sophisticated the computer's driving simulation is, it will not be able to detect the actual driving conditions. (i.e., unless the spatial information that indicates the ever-changing position and orientation of the car's surroundings is updated in real

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