Overview
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with "Selected Financial Data" and the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this document. See also "Forward-Looking Statements" on page 2. Discussions of year-to-year comparisons of 2019 and 2018 and 2018 items that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 on our Annual report on Form 10-K for the year endedDecember 31, 2019 , which Item is incorporated herein by reference.RPC, Inc. ("RPC") provides a broad range of specialized oilfield services primarily to independent and major oilfield companies engaged in exploration, production and development of oil and gas properties throughoutthe United States , including the southwest, mid-continent,Gulf of Mexico ,Rocky Mountain and Appalachian regions, and in selected international markets. The Company's revenues and profits are generated by providing equipment and services to customers who operate oil and gas properties and invest capital to drill new wells and enhance production or perform maintenance on existing wells.
Our key business and financial strategies are:
- To focus our management resources on and invest our capital in equipment and
geographic markets that we believe will earn high returns on capital.
- To maintain a flexible cost structure that can respond quickly to volatile
industry conditions and business activity levels.
- To maintain capital strength sufficient to allow us to remain a going concern
and maintain our operational strength during protracted industry downturns.
- To maintain an efficient, low-cost capital structure which includes an
appropriate use of debt financing.
To optimize asset utilization with the goal of increasing revenues and
- generating leverage of direct and overhead costs, balanced against increasingly
high maintenance requirements and low financial returns experienced during
times of low customer pricing for our services.
- To deliver product and services to our customers safely.
- To secure adequate sources of supplies of raw materials used in our operations.
- To maintain and selectively increase market share.
To maximize stockholder return by optimizing the balance between cash invested
- in the Company's productive assets, the payment of dividends to stockholders,
and the repurchase of our common stock on the open market.
- To align the interests of our management and stockholders.
In assessing the outcomes of these strategies and RPC's financial condition and operating performance, management generally reviews periodic forecast data, monthly actual results, and other similar information. We also consider trends related to certain key financial data, including revenues, utilization of our equipment and personnel, maintenance and repair expenses, pricing for our services and equipment, profit margins, selling, general and administrative expenses, cash flows and the return on our invested capital. Additionally, we compare our trends to those of our peers. We continuously monitor factors that impact current and expected customer activity levels, such as the price of oil and natural gas, changes in pricing for our services and equipment and utilization of our equipment and personnel. Our financial results are affected by geopolitical factors such as political instability in the petroleum-producing regions of the world, overall economic conditions and weather inthe United States , the prices of oil and natural gas, and our customers' drilling and production activities. The oil and gas industry experienced an unprecedented disruption during 2020 due to the substantial decline in global demand for oil caused by the combined impact of theOPEC disputes and COVID-19 pandemic that has continued throughout 2020. The pandemic has significantly impacted the economic conditions inthe United States , as federal, state and local governments have reacted to the public health crisis, creating significant uncertainties inthe United States , as well as the global economy. RPC continued our regular operations during the period since we function as an essential infrastructure business in the energy sector under 19 guidance issued by theDepartment of Homeland Security . However, in response to the pandemic, RPC instituted strict procedures to assess employee health and safety while in our facilities or on operational locations. Current industry conditions are characterized by oil prices which fell from a cyclical peak of$75 per barrel in the fourth quarter of 2018 to less than$20 per barrel in the second quarter of 2020. In response to this significant decrease in the price of oil, the drilling rig count fell from 1,083 in the fourth quarter of 2018 to 244 in the third quarter of 2020. Also, monthlyU.S. well completions fell from a cyclical peak of 1,371 in the second quarter of 2018 to 292 in the second quarter of 2020. Early in the first quarter of 2021, the price of oil had recovered to approximately$56 per barrel, and both the drilling rig count and well completions had increased as well. One catalyst for the decrease in the price of oil during 2020 relates to the significant decrease in global oil demand resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. In late 2019, the global oil supply and demand were in equilibrium. By the second quarter of 2020, however, global oil demand had fallen by approximately 16 percent, while supply had only fallen by approximately nine percent. The tremendous decline in oil prices, drilling and well completions during 2020 resulted from this sudden and unpredicted decrease in demand. RPC believes that oil production inthe United States has also become an increasingly important determinant of global oil prices, becausethe United States has grown to be the world's largest producer of oil and is more flexible in its ability to increase or decrease drilling and production activities rapidly than the state-owned oil companies which compriseOPEC membership. During the past several years, improving drilling and completion activity have causedU.S. domestic oil production to continue to rise to a record production level inDecember 2019 . Since that time,U.S. oil production has declined due to lower drilling and completion activity, but it remains historically high, and as of the most recent monthly reported statistics, was 30 percent higher than the cyclical low production recorded during the third quarter of 2016. We believe that continued highU.S. oil production is a catalyst for lower oil prices during the near term. Customer activities directed towards natural gas drilling and production have been weak for several years because of the high production of shale-directed natural gas wells, the high amount of natural gas production associated with oil-directed shale wells in theU.S. domestic market, and relatively constant consumption of natural gas inthe United States . One of these factors has been mitigated by the decline in oil-directed drilling. In addition, weather inthe United States during the first quarter of 2021 is colder than during the comparable period in 2020. As a result, the price of natural gas has recovered from a low of$1.63 per Mcf during the second quarter of 2020 to$2.96 per Mcf early in the first quarter of 2021. While current natural gas prices are higher than at the recent cyclical trough, we believe that they are still too low to encourage our customers to conduct increased levels of exploration and production activities directed exclusively towards natural gas. In 2020, the Company's strategy of utilizing equipment in unconventional basins has continued. During 2020, we made capital expenditures totaling$65.1 million , a decrease of$185.6 compared to the prior year. Capital expenditures during 2020 were primarily for new revenue-producing equipment and capitalized maintenance of our existing equipment, as well as upgrades of selected pressure pumping equipment for dual-fuel capability. Revenues during 2020 totaled$598.3 million , a decrease of 51.1 percent compared to 2019 primarily as a result of lower activity levels and lower pricing for most of our service lines caused by a steep decline in oil and gas prices due to COVID-19. Cost of revenues decreased$438.9 million in 2020 compared to the prior year primarily due to lower materials and supplies expenses and employment costs consistent with lower activity levels and as a result of RPC's expense reduction initiatives. As a percentage of revenues, cost of revenues increased to 80.4 percent in 2020 compared to 75.2 percent in 2019. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues increased to 20.7 percent in 2020 compared to 13.8 percent in 2019, primarily due to lower revenues, partially offset by personnel headcount decreases and other reductions. Impairment and other charges were$217.5 million in 2020. These charges were comprised primarily of the total amount by which several of our asset groups' carrying amounts exceeded their fair value partly due to the pandemic related demand reductions, a non-cash pension settlement loss, costs to finalize the disposal of our former sand facility and employee severance costs. Loss before income taxes was$309.4 million for 2020 compared to loss before income taxes of$113.1 million in 2019. Net loss for 2020 was$212.2 million , or$1.00 loss per share compared to net loss of$87.1 million , or$0.41 loss per share in 2019. Cash flows from operating activities decreased to$78.0 million in 2020 compared to$209.1 million in 2019 primarily due to lower earnings, partially offset by favorable changes in working capital. As ofDecember 31, 2020 , there were no outstanding borrowings under our credit facility.
Outlook
Drilling activity in theU.S. domestic oilfields, as measured by the rotary drilling rig count, reached a cyclical peak of 1,083 during the fourth quarter of 2018. Between the fourth quarter of 2018 and the third quarter of 2020,
the drilling rig count fell by 77 20 percent. During the third quarter of 2020, theU.S. domestic drilling rig count reached the lowest level recorded up to that time. The principal catalyst for this steep rig count decline was the decrease in the price of oil in the world markets resulting from the decline in global oil demand associated with the COVID-19 pandemic which began in the first quarter of 2020. RPC monitors rig count efficiencies and well completion trends because the majority of our services are directed toward well completions. Improvements in drilling rig efficiencies have increased the number of potential well completions for a given drilling rig count; therefore, the statistics regarding well completions are more meaningful indicators of the outlook for RPC's activity levels and revenues. Annual well completions during 2018 increased by approximately 25 percent compared to 2017, and by approximately five percent in 2019 compared to 2018. Well completions in 2020 decreased by approximately 49 percent compared to 2019. Although the price of oil and well completions increased in the fourth quarter of 2020, we believe thatU.S. oilfield well completion activity will remain weak during the near term because of continued low oil prices and projections of depressed industry activity. The current and projected prices of oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids are important catalysts forU.S. domestic drilling activity. Following the trough of the most recent oilfield downturn in the second quarter of 2020, the price of oil has risen by more than 100 percent early in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the average price of oil in the second quarter of 2020. The price of natural gas has risen by approximately 94 percent during the same time period, due to steady demand for natural gas and normal seasonal demand in the first quarter of 2021. Following a low price of$0.23 per gallon in the first quarter of 2020, the price of benchmark natural gas liquids has risen to$0.87 per gallon early in the first quarter of 2021, an increase of almost 300 percent. The price increases in these commodities during the past three quarters are encouraging, and RPC believes that they have encouraged our customers to increase drilling and completion activities. We remain cautious, however, because we do not believe that current commodity prices are sufficiently high to encourage our customers to increase their drilling and production activities to previous cyclical peak levels. The majority of theU.S. domestic rig count remains directed towards oil. Early in the first quarter of 2021, approximately 77 percent of theU.S. domestic rig count was directed towards oil, a decrease compared with approximately 85 percent during the same period in the prior year. We believe that oil-directed drilling will remain the majority of domestic drilling, and that natural gas-directed drilling will remain a low percentage ofU.S. domestic drilling in the near term. We believe that this relationship will continue due to relatively low prices for natural gas, high production from existing natural gas wells, and industry projections of limited increases in domestic natural gas demand during the near term. We continue to monitor the market for our services and the competitive environment. An increasingly important factor impacting the demand for our services is the growing efficiency with which oilfield completion crews are providing services. We began to observe this in 2018, and we believe that this higher efficiency has contributed to the oversupplied nature of our market. In addition, theU.S. domestic rig count began to decline during the first quarter of 2019, and by the beginning of the second quarter of 2020 had fallen to the lowest level ever recorded. Combined with the long-term trend of increased efficiency, theU.S. domestic rig count decline has caused significant decreases in activity levels and pricing for our services. RPC expanded its fleet of revenue-producing equipment in 2019, while also retiring older equipment which could no longer function effectively in service-intensive operating environments. We continue to upgrade our existing equipment to operate using multiple fuel sources and to take advantage of advances in technology and data collection. However, we do not plan meaningfully to increase our fleet capacity either through purchases of new equipment or bringing idled equipment into service until the projected financial returns for such an investment are justified. Our consistent response to the near-term potential of lower activity levels and pricing has been to undertake moderate fleet expansions which we believe will allow us to maintain a strong balance sheet, while also positioning RPC for long-term growth and strong financial returns. In connection with the preparation of our financial statements for the quarter endedMarch 31, 2020 , the Company recorded long-lived asset impairment and other charges of$205.5 million . See Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the changes in our industry resulting in these charges. In addition, we are aware that our customers have been forced to conduct their operations with little or no access to outside capital for the first time in many years, and we anticipate that this aspect of exploration and production financing will remain in place for the foreseeable future, thereby impacting the volume of future drilling and completion of new wells. 21 Results of Operations Years Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 (in thousands except per share amounts and industry data) Consolidated revenues$ 598,302 $ 1,222,409 $ 1,721,005 Revenues by business segment: Technical$ 556,488 $ 1,145,554 $ 1,647,213 Support$ 41,814 $ 76,855 73,792 Consolidated operating (loss) profit$ (309,635) $ (114,288) $ 210,030 Operating (loss) profit by business segment: Technical$ (82,525) $ (32,993) $ 216,703 Support (6,714) 10,016 4,612 Corporate expenses (12,426) (12,745) (14,629) Impairment and other charges (1)(2) (217,493) (82,273) - Gain on disposition of assets, net$ 9,523 $
3,707
Net (loss) income$ (212,192) $ (87,111) $ 175,402 (Loss) Earnings per share - diluted$ (1.00) $ (0.41) $ 0.82 Percentage of cost of revenues to revenues 80 % 75 % 69 % Percentage of selling, general and administrative expenses to revenues 21 % 14 % 10 % Percentage of depreciation and amortization expenses to revenues 16 % 14 % 10 % Effective income tax rate 31.4 % 23.0 % 20.7 % Average U.S. domestic rig count 436 943 1,032 Average natural gas price (per thousand cubic feet (mcf))$ 2.03 $ 2.57 $ 3.18 Average oil price (per barrel)$ 39.50 $ 56.90 $ 65.02
Amount in 2020 represents
expenses.
(2) Amount in 2019 represents
related to corporate expenses.
Year Ended
Revenues. Revenues in 2020 decreased$624.1 million or 51.1 percent compared to 2019 primarily due to the substantial decline in global demand for oil caused by the combined impact of theOPEC disputes and COVID-19 pandemic. The Technical Services segment revenues in 2020 decreased$589.1 million or 51.4 percent compared to the prior year. The decrease is due primarily to lower activity levels and lower pricing within most of our service lines as compared to the prior year.The Support Services segment revenues in 2020 decreased$35.0 million or 45.6 percent compared to 2019 due primarily to lower activity levels and pricing in the rental tools service line, which is the largest service line within this segment. Technical Services reported an operating loss of$82.5 million during 2020 compared to a loss of$33.0 million in the prior year, while Support Services reported an operating loss of$6.7 million in 2020 compared to income of$10.0 million in the prior year. The average price of oil decreased 30.6 percent and the average price of natural gas decreased 20.9 percent during 2020 compared to the prior year. The average domestic rig count during 2020 was 53.8 percent lower than 2019. International revenues, which decreased from$64.6 million in 2019 to$35.9 million in 2020, were six percent of consolidated revenues in 2020 compared to five percent 2019. International revenues decreased in 2020 primarily due to lower customer activity levels inArgentina , andCanada , partially offset by higher activity inAlgeria compared to the prior year. Our international revenues are impacted by the timing of project initiation and their ultimate duration. Cost of revenues. Cost of revenues in 2020 was$480.7 million compared to$919.6 million in 2019, a decrease of 47.7 percent primarily due to lower materials and supplies expenses and employment costs consistent with lower activity levels and as a result of RPC's personnel headcount decreases and other expense reduction initiatives. As a percentage of revenues, cost of revenues increased to 80.4 percent in 2020 compared to 75.2 percent in 2019 primarily due to lower pricing and the negative leverage of certain fixed expenses over significantly lower revenues. Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to$123.7 million in 2020 compared to$168.1 million in 2019. These expenses decreased due to lower employment costs, primarily the result of personnel headcount decreases and other cost reduction initiatives during the year. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues increased to 20.7 percent of revenues in 2020 compared to 13.8 percent of revenues in 2019 due to the negative leverage of lower revenues over primarily fixed expenses. 22
Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization were
Impairment and other charges. Impairment and other charges were$217.5 million in 2020 compared to$82.3 million in 2019. Impairment and other charges in 2020 is comprised primarily of the total amount by which several of our asset groups' carrying amounts exceed their fair value, a non-cash pension settlement loss, costs to finalize the disposal of our former sand facility and employee severance costs. Impairment and other charges for 2019 was comprised primarily of equipment disposals, closing operating locations and employee severance. Gain on disposition of assets, net. Gain on disposition of assets, net was$9.5 million in 2020 compared to$3.7 million in 2019. The gain on disposition of assets, net is generally comprised of gains or losses related to various property and equipment dispositions or sales to customers of lost or damaged rental equipment.
Other income (expense), net. Other income, net was
Interest expense and interest income. Interest expense was$0.4 million in 2020 compared to$0.3 million in 2019. Interest expense in 2020 and 2019 principally consists of fees on the unused portion of the credit facility. Interest income decreased to$0.5 million in 2020 compared to$1.9 million in 2019 due to lower interest rates earned on cash balances. Income tax benefit. Income tax benefit was$97.2 million in 2020, compared to$26.0 million income tax benefit for the same period in 2019. The effective tax rate was 31.4 percent for 2020 compared to a 23.0 percent effective tax rate for 2019. The effective tax rate in 2020 reflects the benefit of the CARES Act allowing tax loss carrybacks including the beneficial revaluation of our 2019 net operating losses and the recording of our 2020 net operating losses both at 35 percent. Net loss and diluted loss per share. Net loss was$212.2 million in 2020, or$1.00 loss per diluted share, compared to net loss of$87.1 million in 2019, or$0.41 earnings per diluted share. This increase in loss per share was due to lower profitability as average shares outstanding was essentially unchanged.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash and Cash Flows
The Company's cash and cash equivalents were$84.5 million as ofDecember 31, 2020 ,$50.0 million as ofDecember 31, 2019 and$116.3 million as ofDecember 31, 2018 . The following table sets forth the historical cash flows for the years endedDecember 31 : (in thousands) 2020 2019 2018
Net cash provided by operating activities
389,009
Net cash used for investing activities (42,659) (235,788) (219,727) Net cash used for financing activities
(826) (39,592) (144,070)
Cash provided by operating activities for 2020 decreased by$131.2 million compared to the prior year. This decrease is due primarily to an increase in net loss of$125.1 million partially offset by favorable changes in working capital during 2020, coupled with non-cash impairment charges of$211.0 million . The net favorable change in working capital is due primarily to favorable changes of$80.8 million in accounts receivable and$18.1 million in inventories, partially offset by unfavorable changes of$9.1 million in accounts payable and$58.8 million in income taxes receivable/(payable), (net). Cash used for investing activities for 2020 decreased by$193.1 million compared to 2019, primarily because of a reduction in capital expenditures in response to lower industry activity levels, coupled with an increase in proceeds from the sale of assets. Cash used for financing activities for 2020 decreased by$38.8 million primarily as a result of lower dividends paid to common stockholders as well as lower cost of repurchases of the Company's shares both on the open market and for taxes related to the vesting of restricted shares. There were no dividends paid to common stockholders in 2020. 23
Financial Condition and Liquidity
The Company's financial condition as ofDecember 31, 2020 remains strong. We believe the liquidity provided by our existing cash and cash equivalents and our overall strong capitalization will provide sufficient liquidity to meet our requirements for at least the next twelve months. The Company's decisions about the amount of cash to be used for investing and financing activities are influenced by our capital position, and the expected amount of cash to be provided by operations. RPC does not expect to need our revolving credit facility to meet these liquidity requirements. The Company currently has a$100 million revolving credit facility that matures inOctober 2023 , as recently amended. The facility contains customary terms and conditions, including restrictions on indebtedness, dividend payments, business combinations and other related items. OnSeptember 25, 2020 , the Company further amended the revolving credit facility. Among other matters, the amendment (1) reduced the maximum amount available for borrowing from$125 million to$100 million , (2) decreased the minimum tangible net worth covenant level from not less than$600 million to not less than$400 million , and (3) increased the margin spreads and commitment fees payable by 37.5 and 5 basis points, respectively, at each pricing level of the applicable rate without any changes to the leverage ratios used to calculate such spreads. As ofDecember 31, 2020 , RPC had no outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility, and letters of credit outstanding relating to self-insurance programs and contract bids totaled$19.8 million ; therefore, a total of$80.2 million of the facility was available. The Company was in compliance with the credit facility financial covenants as ofDecember 31, 2020 . For additional information with respect to RPC's facility, see Note 9 of the consolidated financial statements included in this report and which is incorporated herein by reference.
Cash Requirements
Capital expenditures were$65.1 million in 2020, and we currently expect capital expenditures to be approximately$56 million in 2021. We expect that a majority of these expenditures in 2021 will be directed mostly towards capitalized maintenance of our existing equipment, as well as upgrades of selected pressure pumping equipment for dual-fuel capability. The actual amount of capital expenditures will depend primarily on equipment maintenance requirements, expansion opportunities, and equipment delivery schedules. The Company has ongoing sales and use tax audits in various jurisdictions subject to varying interpretations of statutes. The Company has recorded the exposure from these audits to the extent issues are resolved or can be reasonably estimated. There are issues that could result in unfavorable outcomes that cannot be currently estimated. The Company's Retirement Income Plan, a multiple employer trusteed defined benefit pension plan, provides monthly benefits upon normal retirement at age 65 or early retirement at 591/2 to eligible employees. During, 2020, the Company made a cash contribution of$4,450,000 to the plan but does not currently expect to make any contributions to the plan during 2021. As ofDecember 31, 2020 , the Company's stock buyback program authorizes the aggregate repurchase of up to 41,578,125 shares, including an additional 10,000,000 shares authorized for repurchase by the Board of Directors onFebruary 12, 2018 . No shares have been purchased on the open market during the twelve months endedDecember 31, 2020 , and 8,248,184 shares remain available to be repurchased under the current authorization. The Company may repurchase outstanding common shares periodically based on market conditions and our capital allocation strategies considering restrictions under our credit facility. The stock buyback program does not have a predetermined expiration date. 24 Contractual Obligations The Company's obligations and commitments that require future payments include our credit facility, certain non-cancelable operating leases, purchase obligations and other long-term liabilities. The following table summarizes the Company's significant contractual obligations as ofDecember 31, 2020 : Contractual Obligations Payments due by period Less than 1-3 3-5 More than (in thousands) Total 1 year years years 5 years Long-term debt obligations $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Interest on long-term debt obligations - - - - - Capital lease obligations - - - - - Operating leases (1) 32,647 9,911 11,024 5,308 6,404 Purchase obligations (2) 229 229 - - - Other long-term liabilities (3) 976 351 433 192 - Total contractual obligations$ 33,852 $ 10,491 $ 11,457 $ 5,500 $ 6,404
(1) Operating leases include agreements for various office locations, office
equipment, and certain operating equipment.
Includes agreements to purchase raw materials, goods or services that have (2) been approved and that specify all significant terms (pricing, quantity, and
timing). As part of the normal course of business the Company occasionally
enters into purchase commitments to manage its various operating needs.
Includes expected cash payments for long-term liabilities reflected on the
balance sheet where the timing of the payments is known. These amounts (3) include incentive compensation, severance costs and estimated charges related
to disposal of impaired assets. Also includes amounts related to the usage of
corporate aircraft. These amounts exclude pension obligations with uncertain
funding requirements and deferred compensation liabilities.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company's assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in the fair value hierarchy (Level 1, 2 or 3) based on the inputs used for valuation. Assets and liabilities that are traded on an exchange with a quoted price are classified as Level 1. Assets and liabilities that are valued using significant observable inputs in addition to quoted market prices are classified as Level 2. The Company currently has no assets or liabilities measured on a recurring basis that are valued using unobservable inputs and therefore no assets or liabilities measured on a recurring basis are classified as Level 3. For defined benefit plan and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan ("SERP") investments measured at net asset value, the values are computed using inputs such as cost, discounted future cash flows, independent appraisals and market based comparable data or on net asset values calculated by the fund when not publicly available. Inflation The Company purchases its equipment and materials from suppliers who provide competitive prices, and employs skilled workers from competitive labor markets. If inflation in the general economy increases, the Company's costs for equipment, materials and labor could increase as well. In addition, increases in activity in the domestic oilfield can cause upward wage pressures in the labor markets from which it hires employees, especially if employment in the general economy increases. Also, activity increases can cause increases in the costs of certain materials and key equipment components used to provide services to the Company's customers. Beginning in 2018, prices for the raw material comprising the Company's single largest purchase began to decline due to increased sources of supply of the material, particularly in geographic markets located close to the largestU.S. oil and gas basin. In addition, labor costs declined throughout 2020 due to the significant decline in oilfield activity. However, during the fourth quarter of 2020 and early in the first quarter of 2021, the price of labor began to rise due to increasing oilfield activity and the departure of skilled labor from the domestic oilfield industry during 2020. Also, the prices of raw materials used in the Company's operations began to increase because many suppliers of these materials ceased operations. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company is attempting to pass these price increases along to our customers, but due to the competitive nature of the oilfield services business, there is no assurance that these efforts will be successful.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company does not have any material off balance sheet arrangements.
25
Related Party Transactions
See "NOTE 14: RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS" of the consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference, for a description of related party transactions.
Critical Accounting Policies
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted inthe United States , which require significant judgment by management in selecting the appropriate assumptions for calculating accounting estimates. These judgments are based on our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, trends in the industry, and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. Senior management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of its critical accounting policies requiring significant judgements and estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. The Company believes the following critical accounting policies involve estimates that require a higher degree of judgment and complexity: Credit loss allowance for accounts receivable - Substantially all of the Company's receivables are due from oil and gas exploration and production companies inthe United States , selected international locations and foreign, nationally owned oil companies. Our credit loss allowance is determined using a combination of factors to ensure that our receivables are not overstated due to uncollectibility. Our established credit evaluation procedures seek to minimize the amount of business we conduct with higher risk customers. Our customers' ability to pay is directly related to their ability to generate cash flow on their projects and is significantly affected by the volatility in the price of oil and natural gas. Credit loss allowance for accounts receivable are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. Accounts are written off against the allowance when the Company determines that amounts are uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously written off are recorded when collected. Significant recoveries will generally reduce the required provision in the period of recovery, thereby causing credit loss allowance to fluctuate significantly from period to period. Recoveries were insignificant in 2020, 2019 and 2018. We record specific provisions when we become aware of a customer's inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer's operating results or financial position. If circumstances related to a customer changes, our estimate of the realizability of the receivable would be further adjusted, either upward or downward. The estimated credit loss allowance is based on our evaluation of the overall trends in the oil and gas industry, financial condition of our customers, our historical write-off experience, current economic conditions, and in the case of international customers, our judgments about the economic and political environment of the related country and region. In addition to reserves established for specific customers, we establish general reserves by using different percentages depending on the age of the receivables which we adjust periodically based on management judgment and the economic strength of our customers. The net credit loss allowance as a percentage of revenues ranged from 0.03 percent to 0.8 percent over the last three years. Increasing or decreasing the estimated general reserve percentages by 0.50 percentage points as ofDecember 31, 2020 would have resulted in a change of$3.0 million in the recorded provision for current expected credit losses. Insurance expenses -The Company self-insures, up to certain policy-specified limits, certain risks related to general liability, workers' compensation, vehicle and equipment liability. The cost of claims under these self-insurance programs is estimated and accrued using individual case-based valuations and statistical analysis and is based upon judgment and historical experience; however, the ultimate cost of many of these claims may not be known for several years. These claims are monitored and the cost estimates are revised as developments occur relating to such claims. The Company has retained an independent third party actuary to assist in the calculation of a range of exposure for these claims. As ofDecember 31, 2020 , the Company estimates the range of exposure to be from$14.9 million to$20.1 million . The Company has recorded liabilities atDecember 31, 2020 of$17.3 million which represents management's best estimate of probable loss. Long-lived assets including goodwill - RPC carries a variety of long-lived assets on its balance sheet including property, plant and equipment and goodwill. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value.Goodwill is the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the net of the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company conducts impairment tests on goodwill annually, during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. In addition, the Company conducts impairment tests on long-lived assets, other than goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. For the impairment testing on long-lived assets, other than goodwill, a long-lived asset is grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group are compared to its carrying amount. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset group's carrying amount, then the Company is required to determine the asset group's fair value by using a discounted cash flow analysis. This analysis is based on estimates such as management's short-term and long-term forecast of operating performance, including revenue growth rates and expected profitability margins, estimates of the remaining 26
useful life and service potential of the assets within the asset group, and a discount rate based on weighted average cost of capital. An impairment loss is measured and recorded as the amount by which the asset group's carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Assessment of goodwill impairment is conducted at the level of each reporting unit, which is the same as our reportable segments, Technical Services and Support Services, comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to the reporting unit's carrying value, including goodwill. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using an income approach and a market approach. The income approach uses discounted cash flow analysis based on management's short-term and long-term forecast of operating performance. This analysis includes significant assumptions regarding discount rates, revenue growth rates, expected profitability margins, forecasted capital expenditures and the timing of expected future cash flows based on market conditions. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss is measured and recorded. During the year endedDecember 31, 2020 , the Company recorded an asset impairment loss totaling$205.5 million related to its long-lived asset groups, in response to the drastic decline in oilfield drilling and completion activities. See Note 3 of the consolidated financial statements for additional information which is incorporated herein by reference. Defined benefit pension plan - In 2002, the Company ceased all future benefit accruals under the defined benefit plan, although the Company remains obligated to provide certain employees benefits earned throughMarch 2002 . The Company accounts for the defined benefit plan in accordance with the provisions ofFinancial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) ASC 715, "Compensation - Retirement Benefits" and engages an outside actuary to assist management in calculating its obligations and costs. With the assistance of the actuary, the Company evaluates the significant assumptions used on a periodic basis including the estimated future return on plan assets, the discount rate, and other factors, and adjusts these liabilities as necessary. The Company chooses an expected rate of return on plan assets based on historical results for similar allocations among asset classes, the investments strategy, and the views of our investment advisor. Differences between the expected long-term return on plan assets and the actual return are amortized over future years. Therefore, the net deferral of past asset gains (losses) ultimately affects future pension expense. The Company's assumption for the expected return on plan assets was four percent for 2020, seven percent for 2019 and seven percent for 2018. The discount rate reflects the current rate at which the pension liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year. In estimating this rate, the Company utilizes a yield curve approach. The approach utilizes an economic model whereby the Company's expected benefit payments over the life of the plan are forecasted and then compared to a portfolio of investment grade corporate bonds that will mature at the same time that the benefit payments are due in any given year. The economic model then calculates the one discount rate to apply to all benefit payments over the life of the plan which will result in the same total lump sum as the payments from the corporate bonds. A lower discount rate increases the present value of benefit obligations. The discount rate was 2.50 percent as ofDecember 31, 2020 , 3.60 percent as ofDecember 31, 2019 and 4.65 percent in 2018. As set forth in Note 13 to the Company's financial statements, included among the asset categories for the Plan's investments are fixed income securities that include corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities, sovereign bonds, andU.S. Treasuries. These investments are measured at net asset value and are valued using significant non-observable inputs which do not have a readily determinable fair value. These valuations are subject to judgments and assumptions of the funds which may prove to be incorrect, resulting in risks of incorrect valuation of these investments. The Company seeks to mitigate these risks by evaluating the appropriateness of the funds' judgments and assumptions by reviewing the financial data included in the funds' financial statements for reasonableness. As ofDecember 31, 2020 , the defined benefit plan was over-funded and the recorded change within accumulated other comprehensive loss increased stockholders' equity by$0.9 million after tax. Holding all other factors constant, a change in the discount rate used to measure plan liabilities by 0.25 percentage points would result in a pre-tax increase or decrease of$1.1 million to the net loss related to pension reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Company recognized pre-tax pension expense (income) of$5.7 million in 2020,$0.3 million in 2019 and$(0.2) million in 2018. Pension expense during 2020, includes$3.5 million related to the lump-sum payments to certain participants in the Company's Retirement Income Plan. Based on the over-funded status of the defined benefit plan as ofDecember 31, 2020 , the Company expects to recognize pension income of$356 thousand in 2021. Holding all other factors constant, a change in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by 0.50 percentage points would result in an increase or decrease in pension expense of$189 thousand in 2021. Holding all other factors constant, a change in the discount rate used to measure plan liabilities by 0.25 percentage points would result in an increase or decrease in pension expense of$21 thousand in 2021. 27
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements, which is incorporated herein by reference for a description of recent accounting standards, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on results of operations and financial condition.
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