SEMILEDS CORPORATION The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10K, as well as the Risk Factors contained in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10K, and other information provided from time to time in our other filings with theSEC .
Overview
We develop, manufacture and sell light emitting diode (LED) chips, LED components, LED modules and systems. Our products are used for general specialty industrial applications, including ultraviolet, or UV, curing of polymers, LED light therapy in medical/cosmetic applications, counterfeit detection, LED lighting for horticulture applications, architectural lighting and entertainment lighting. We package our LED chips into LED components, which we sell to distributors and a customer base that is heavily concentrated in a few select markets, includingNetherlands ,Taiwan ,the United States ,Germany andJapan . We also sell our "Enhanced Vertical," or EV, LED product series in blue, white, green and UV in selected markets. Our lighting products customers are primarily original design manufacturers, or ODMs, of lighting products and the end users of lighting devices. We also contract other manufacturers to produce for our sale certain LED products, and for certain aspects of our product fabrication, assembly and packaging processes, based on our design and technology requirements and under our quality control specifications and final inspection process. We are a holding company for various wholly owned subsidiaries.SemiLEDs Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. , or Taiwan SemiLEDs, is our wholly owned operating subsidiary, where a substantial portion of our assets are held and located and where a portion of our research, development, manufacturing and sales activities take place. TaiwanSemiLEDs owns a 97.37% equity interest inTaiwan Bandaoti Zhaoming Co., Ltd. , formerly known asSilicon Base Development, Inc. , which is engaged in the research, development, manufacture, and substantial portion of marketing and sale of LED products, and where most of our employees are based.
Key Factors Affecting Our Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Business
The following are key factors that we believe affect our financial condition, results of operations and business:
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COVID-19 Pandemic. In consideration of the health and well-being of our employees, customers and communities, and in support of efforts to contain the spread of the virus, we have taken several precautionary measures and adjusted our operational needs. Our business, financial condition, liquidity and operating results have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by COVID-19 and related restrictions. The conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have adversely affected our customers' ability or willingness to purchase our products or services, delayed prospective customers' purchasing decisions, adversely impacted our ability to provide or deliver products and on-site services to our customers, delayed the provisioning of our offerings, or lengthened payment terms, which have adversely affected and could continue to adversely affect our future sales, operating results and overall financial performance. To avoid cash shortage due to the pandemic, we applied and received subsidies from theTaiwan government in fiscal 2021. Our bank granted us a deferment period for twelve months starting fromMay 2020 untilApril 2021 . During this period, we did not need to pay the monthly payments of the principal but only the interest. We have also devoted ourselves to new product development and expect these new products could bring in new revenue, offsetting the losses resulted from existing customers' delayed purchasing. However, given the ongoing and evolving economic and business impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent variants, we may be required to further revise certain accounting estimates and judgments, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.
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Our ability to raise additional debt funding, sell additional equity securities and improve our liquidity. We need to improve our liquidity, access alternative sources of funding and obtain additional equity capital or credit when necessary for our operations. InJuly 2021 , we established an at-the-market equity program ("ATM") that allows us to sell up to$20 million of shares of our common stock from time to time. During fiscal 2022, we sold 286,328 shares of our common stock pursuant to the ATM program for net proceeds of$964,473 . However, we may not be able to obtain such debt funding or sell equity securities on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. The raising of additional debt funding by us, if required and available, would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in additional operating and financing covenants, or liens on our assets, that would restrict our operations. The sale of additional equity securities, if required and available, could result in dilution to our stockholders. 26
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Our ability to source chips from other chip suppliers. Our reliance on our chip suppliers exposes us to a number of significant risks, including reduced control over delivery schedules, quality assurance and production costs, lack of guaranteed production capacity or product supply. If our chip suppliers are unable or unwilling to continue to supply our chips at requested quality, quantity, performance and costs, or in a timely manner, our business and reputation could be seriously harmed. Our inability to procure chips from other chip suppliers at the desired quality, quantity, performance and cost might result in unforeseen manufacturing and operations problems. In such events, our customer relationships, business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.
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Industry growth and demand for products and applications using LEDs. The overall adoption of LED lighting devices to replace traditional lighting sources is expected to influence the growth and demand for LED chips and component products and impact our financial performance. We believe the potential market for LED lighting will continue to expand. LEDs for efficient generation of UV light are also starting to gain attention for various medical, germicidal and industrial applications. Since a substantial portion of our LED chips, LED components and our lighting products are used by endusers in general lighting applications and specialty industrial applications such as UV curing, medical/cosmetic, counterfeit detection, horticulture, architectural lighting and entertainment lighting the adoption of LEDs into these applications will have a strong impact on the demand of LED chips generally and, as a result, for our LED chips, LED components and LED lighting products.
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Average selling price of our products. The average selling price of our products may decline for a variety of factors, including prices charged by our competitors, the efficacy of our products, our cost basis, changes in our product mix, the size of the order and our relationship with the relevant customer, as well as general market and economic conditions. Competition in the markets for LED products is intense, and we expect that competition will continue to increase, thereby creating a highly aggressive pricing environment. For example, some of our competitors have in the past reduced their average selling prices, and the resulting competitive pricing pressures have caused us to similarly reduce our prices, accelerating the decline in our revenues and the gross margin of our products. When prices decline, we must also write down the value of our inventory. Furthermore, the average selling prices for our LED products have typically decreased over product life cycles. Therefore, our ability to continue to innovate and offer competitive products that meet our customers' specifications and pricing requirements, such as higher efficacy LED products at lower costs, will have a material influence on our ability to improve our revenues and product margins, although in the near term the introduction of such higher performance LED products may further reduce the selling prices of our existing products or render them obsolete.
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Changes in our product mix. We anticipate that our gross margins will continue to fluctuate from period to period as a result of the mix of products that we sell and the utilization of our manufacturing capacity in any given period, among other things. For example, we continue to pursue opportunities for profitable growth in areas of business where we see the best opportunity to develop as an end-to-end LED module solution supplier by providing our customers with high quality, flexible and more complete LED system solution, customer technical support and LED module/system design, as opposed to just providing customers with individual components. As a strategic plan, we have placed greater emphasis on the sales of LED components rather than the sales of LED chips where we have been forced to cut prices on older inventory. The growth of our module products and the continued commercial sales of our UV LED product are expected to improve our gross margin, operating results and cash flows. In addition, we have adjusted the lower-priced LED components strategy as appropriate. We have adopted a strategy to adjust our product mix by exiting certain high volume but low unit selling price product lines in response to the general trend of lower average selling prices for products that have been available in the market for some time. However, as we expand and diversify our product offerings and with varying average selling prices, or execute new business initiatives, a change in the mix of products that we sell in any given period may increase volatility in our revenues and gross margin from period to period.
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Our ability to reduce cost to offset lower average selling prices. Competitors may reduce average selling prices faster than our ability to reduce costs, and competitive pricing pressures may accelerate the rate of decline of our average selling prices. To address increased pricing pressure, we have improved and increased our production yields to reduce the per-unit cost of production of our products. However, such cost savings currently have limited impact on our gross profit, as we currently suffer from the underutilization of manufacturing capacity and must absorb a high level of fixed costs, such as depreciation. While we intend to focus on managing our costs and expenses, over the long term we expect to be required to invest substantially in LED component products development and production equipment if we are to grow.
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Our ability to continue to innovate. As part of our growth strategy, we plan to
continue to be innovative in product design, to deliver new products and to
improve our manufacturing efficiencies. Our continued success depends on our
ability to develop and introduce new, technologically advanced and lower cost
products, such as more efficient, better performance LED component products. If
we are unable to introduce new products that are commercially viable and meet
rapidly evolving customer requirements or keep pace with evolving technological
standards and market developments or are otherwise unable to execute our product
innovation strategy effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market
opportunities as they arise, execute our business plan or be able to compete
effectively. To differentiate ourselves from other LED package manufacturers, we
are putting more resources towards module and system design. Along with our
technical know-how in the chip and package sectors, we are able to further
integrate electrical, thermal and mechanical manufacturing resources to provide
customers with one-stop system services. Services include design, prototyping,
OEM and ODM. Key markets that we intend to target at the system end include
different types of UV LED industrial printers, aquarium lighting, medical
applications, niche imaging light engines, horticultural lighting and high
standard commercial lighting. The modules are designed for various printing,
curing, and PCB exposure industrial equipment, providing uncompromised
reliability and optical output. Our LED components include different sizes and
wattage to accommodate different demands in the LED market.
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General economic conditions and geographic concentration. Many countries includingthe United States and theEuropean Union (the "E.U.") members have instituted, or have announced plans to institute, government regulations and programs designed to encourage or mandate increased energy efficiency in lighting. These actions include in certain cases banning the sale after specified dates of certain forms of incandescent lighting, which are advancing the adoption of more energy efficient lighting solutions such as LEDs. When the global economy slows or a financial crisis occurs, consumer and government confidence declines, with levels of government grants and subsidies for LED adoption and consumer spending likely to be adversely impacted. Our revenues have been concentrated in a few select markets, includingthe Netherlands ,Taiwan ,the United States ,Germany , andJapan . Given that we are operating in a rapidly changing industry, our sales in specific markets may fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Therefore, our financial results will be impacted by general economic and political conditions in such markets. For example, the aggressive support by the Chinese government for the LED industry through significant government incentives and subsidies to encourage the use of LED lighting and to establish the LEDsector companies has resulted in production overcapacity in the market and intense competition. Furthermore, due to Chinese package manufacturers increasing usage of domestic LED chips, prices are increasingly competitive, leading to Chinese manufacturers growing market share in the global LED industry. In addition, we have historically derived a significant portion of our revenues from a limited number of customers. Some of our largest customers and what we produce/have produced for them have changed from quarter to quarter primarily as a result of the timing of discrete, large projectbased purchases and broadening customer base, among other things. For the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, sales to our three largest customers, in the aggregate, accounted for 59% and 52% of our revenues, respectively. Revlon, our largest customer in 2021 and 2022, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy inJune 2022 , which resulted in a write off receivables of$126 thousand . If Revlon is not able to reorganize its business successfully, our revenue and financial results could be adversely impacted.
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Intellectual property issues. Competitors of ours and other third parties have in the past and will likely from time to time in the future allege that our products infringe on their intellectual property rights. Defending against any intellectual property infringement claims would likely result in costly litigation and ultimately may lead to our not being able to manufacture, use or sell products found to be infringing. InJune 2012 , we settled an intellectual property dispute involving Cree. We agreed to dismiss amended complaints filed against each other without prejudice. We agreed to the entry of a permanent injunction that was effectiveOctober 1, 2012 that precludes us from (and/or from assisting others in) making, using, importing, selling and/or offering to sell inthe United States certain accused products and/or any device that includes such an accused product after that date and to payment of a settlement fee for past damages. All accused products sold before the date of settlement are released under this agreement and our customers and distributors are specifically released. All remaining claims between Cree and us were withdrawn without prejudice, with each retaining the right to assert them in the future. However, other third parties may also assert infringement claims against our customers with respect to our products, or our customers' products that incorporate our technologies or products. Any such legal action or the threat of legal action against us, or our customers, could impair such customers' continued demand for our products. This could prevent us from growing or even maintaining our revenues, or cause us to incur additional costs and expenses, and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
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Cash position. Our cash and cash equivalents decreased to$4.3 million as ofAugust 31, 2022 primarily due to the operating loss in fiscal year of 2022. We have implemented actions to accelerate operating cost reductions and improve operational efficiencies. The plan is further enhanced through the fabless business model in which we implemented certain workforce reductions and are exploring the opportunities to sell certain equipment related to the manufacturing of vertical LED chips, in order to reduce the idle capacity charges and minimize our research and development activities associated with chips manufacturing operation. InDecember 2019 , we issued convertible unsecured promissory notes with a principal sum of$2 million , of which,$600 thousand convertible notes were converted into 200 thousand shares of common stock inMay 2020 . OnMay 26, 2021 the Notes were extended with the same terms and interest rate for one year and mature onMay 30, 2022 , and onMay 26, 2022 , the Notes were further extended with the same terms and interest rate for one year and now mature onMay 30, 2023 . As ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, the outstanding principal of these notes totaled$1.4 million . Based on our current financial projections, we believe that we will have sufficient sources of liquidity to fund our operations and capital expenditure plans for the next 12 months.
Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations
Revenues, net
Our core products are LED components, LED modules and systems, which are the most important part of our business, as well as LED chips and lighting products.
Our revenues are affected by sales volumes of our LED chips, LED components and
lighting products and our average selling prices for such products. In addition,
as we expand and diversify our product offerings and with varying average
selling prices, any change in the mix of products that we sell in any given
period may affect our total revenues. For example, average selling prices for
our LED components are generally higher than for LED chips and the average
selling prices for our lighting products are higher than for our LED chips and
LED components.
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We recognize revenue on sales of our products when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the price is fixed or determinable, ownership and risk of loss has transferred and collection of the sales proceeds is probable. We obtain written purchase authorizations from our customers as evidence of an arrangement and these authorizations generally provide for a specified amount of product at a fixed price. We typically consider delivery to have occurred at the time of shipment, unless otherwise agreed in the applicable sales terms, as this is generally when title and risk of loss for the product passes to the customer. Our larger customers typically provide us with nonbinding rolling forecasts of their requirements for the coming one to three months; however, recent global economic uncertainty and weakness has led to reduced spending in our target markets and made it difficult for our customers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. Our customers may increase, decrease, cancel or delay purchase orders already in place, with no material consequences to the customer. As a result, we may face increased inventories and our backlog may decline as a result of any economic downturn or material change in market conditions or economic outlook. We price our products in accordance with prevailing market conditions, taking into account the technical specifications of the product being sold, the order volume, the strength and history of our relationship with the customer, our inventory levels and our capacity utilization. When average selling prices drop, as they did in recent years, inventory writedowns to net realizable values may also result.
Our customers consist primarily of packagers, ODMs and endcustomers. Our
revenues attributable to our ten largest customers accounted for 88% and 82% of
our revenues for the years ended
Our revenues have been concentrated in a few select markets, includingthe Netherlands ,Taiwan ,the United States ,Germany andJapan . Net revenues generated from these countries, in the aggregate, accounted for 91% and 82% of our net revenues for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect that our revenues will continue to be substantially derived from these countries for the foreseeable future. Given that we are operating in a rapidly changing industry, our sales in specific markets may fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Therefore, our financial results will be impacted by general economic and political conditions in such markets.
Our revenues are presented net of estimated sales returns and discounts. We estimate sales returns and discounts based on our historical discounts and return rates and our assessment of future conditions.
Cost of Revenues
Our cost of revenues consists primarily of cost of materials, depreciation expenses, manufacturing overhead costs, direct labor costs and utilities cost, all related to the manufacture of our LED products. Materials include raw materials, other materials such as gases and chemicals, consumables, and assembly materials. Because our products are manufactured based on customers' orders and specifications and we purchase materials and supplies to support such orders, we generally purchase our materials at spot prices in the marketplace and do not maintain longterm supply contracts. We purchase materials from several suppliers. Our procurement policy is to select only a small number of qualified vendors who demonstrate quality of materials and reliability on delivery time. We are subject to variations in the cost of our materials and consumables from period to period. Moreover, because we consume a significant amount of electricity in our manufacturing process, any fluctuations in electricity costs will have an impact on our cost of revenues. We also use contract manufacturers to produce for our certain LED products, and for certain aspects of our product fabrication, assembly and packaging processes, based on our design and technology requirements and under our quality control specifications and final inspection process. Direct labor costs consist of salary (including stockbased compensation expenses), bonus, training, retirement and other costs related to our employees engaged in the manufacture of our products. Manufacturing overhead costs consist primarily of salaries, bonuses and other benefits (including stockbased compensation expenses) for our administrative personnel allocated to manufacturing functions, repairs and maintenance costs for equipment and machinery maintenance costs and lease expenses.
Our cost of revenues also includes excess capacity charges as a result of the underutilization of our manufacturing capacity and inventory valuation adjustments to write down our inventories to their estimated net realizable values as a result of declines in their average selling prices.
Operating Expenses
Research and development. Our research and development expenses, which are expensed as incurred, consist primarily of expenses related to employee salaries, bonuses and other benefits (including stockbased compensation expenses) for our research and development personnel, engineering charges related to product design, purchases of materials and supplies, repairs and maintenance and depreciation related expenses.
Selling, general and administrative. Selling, general and administrative
expenses consist primarily of salaries, bonuses and other benefits (including
stockbased compensation expenses) for our administrative, sales and marketing
personnel, expenses for professional services, which include fees and expenses
for accounting, legal, tax and valuation services, amortization and depreciation
related expenses, marketing related travel, lease expenses, entertainment
expenses, allowance for doubtful accounts and general office related expenses,
as well
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as compensation to our directors. We expect our selling, general and administrative expenses to decrease as we continue to implement cost reduction initiatives, such as spending controls, and as we continue to streamline our operations. Gain on disposal of longlived assets, net. We recognized a gain of$196 thousand and$286 thousand on the disposal of long-lived assets for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Due to the excess capacity charges that we have suffered for a few years, considering the risk of technological obsolescence and according to the production plan built based on our sales forecast, we disposed of a certain level of our idle equipment.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest expenses, net. Interest expenses, net consist of interest income and interest expense. Interest income represents interest earned from our cash and cash equivalents deposited with commercial banks inthe United States andTaiwan . As ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of$4.3 million and$4.8 million , respectively, which consisted of time deposits with initial maturity of greater than three months but less than one year. Interest expense consists primarily of interest on our convertible notes and longterm borrowings and/or shortterm lines of credit with certain banks inTaiwan as well as with our Chairman and largest stockholder. We had longterm debt totaling$6.9 million and$7.7 million as ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other income, net. Other income for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021 primarily consists of rental income from the lease of spare space in our Hsinchu building and a government subsidy for the COVID-19 pandemic impact. Foreign currency transaction gain (loss), net. We recognized a net foreign currency transaction loss of$642 thousand and a net gain of$342 thousand for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily due to the appreciation of theU.S. dollar against the NT dollar from bank deposits and accounts payable held byTaiwan SemiLEDs and Taiwan Bandaoti Zhaoming Co., Ltd. in currency other than the functional currency of such subsidiaries.
Provision for Income Taxes
United States tax treatment. We and one of our subsidiaries, Helios Crew, areUnited States corporations and are therefore required to file federal income tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service as well as with certain applicable state tax authorities. As our operations inthe United States have been minimal, we have not to date recorded nor paid any significant federal or state corporate income tax. We have investments in controlled foreign corporations and affiliates, which under Subpart F of the United States Internal Revenue Code, or Subpart F, may under certain circumstances subject our investments in controlled foreign corporations and affiliates to taxation inthe United States . Subpart F provides thatUnited States corporations may be required to include in their income certain undistributed earnings of the foreign corporations and affiliates as though such earnings had been distributed currently. Subpart F applies only toUnited States shareholders (such as us) who hold an interest in a foreign corporation and affiliates that meet the definition of a "controlled foreign corporation." Under Section 957(a) of the United States Internal Revenue Code, a "controlled foreign corporation" means any foreign corporation if more than 50% of either (i) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or (ii) the total value of the stock of such corporation, is owned by "United States Shareholders" on any day during the foreign corporation's taxable year. Subpart F does not apply, however, to the income of a controlled foreign corporation generated from the sale of goods that are manufactured in its country of incorporation. Also, any income attributable to a controlled foreign corporation and its affiliates that is not engaged in aUnited States trade or business is generally not subject toUnited States taxation until its earnings are distributed, or the stock of the foreign corporation is disposed. All of our products are manufactured inTaiwan by Taiwan SemiLEDs, our wholly owned foreign subsidiary. Because Taiwan SemiLEDs conducts its manufacturing activities inTaiwan , the income or loss of Taiwan SemiLEDs is included in our consolidated financial statements, but is not considered taxable income forUnited States taxation purposes pursuant to Section 954(d)(1)(A) of the United States Internal Revenue Code. This generally enables aUnited States taxpayer, such as us, to indefinitely deferUnited States taxation on the profits earned by its controlled foreign corporations and affiliates by retaining the earnings in such entities. We do not currently have any plans to repatriate any of our retained earnings from any of our controlled foreign subsidiaries or affiliates and we do not currently have any plans to declare or pay any dividends from such entities. OnDecember 22, 2017 , theU.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was adopted, which among other effects, reduced theU.S. federal corporate income tax rate to 21% from 34% (or 35% in certain cases) beginning in 2018, requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings from non-U.S. subsidiaries that is payable over eight years, makes the receipt of future non-U.S. sourced income of non-U.S. subsidiaries tax-free toU.S. companies and creates a new minimum tax on the earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries relating to the parent's deductions for payments to the subsidiaries. Our provisional estimate is that no tax will be due under this provision. 30
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The current presidential administration inthe United States modified the rules governing taxation of controlled foreign corporations and affiliates and any such changes were not expected to result in our having to pay applicable taxes inthe United States on income earned by such entities.Taiwan tax treatment. The corporate income tax rate inTaiwan is 20% for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021. Corporate income taxes payable, however, are subject to an alternative minimum tax. TheTaiwan government enacted the Taiwan Alternative Minimum Tax Act, or the AMT Act, onJanuary 1, 2006 . Under the AMT Act, a taxpayer must pay the higher of its taxable income multiplied by the corporate income tax rate or the alternative minimum tax, or AMT. In calculating the AMT amount, the taxpayer must include income that would otherwise be exempt from taxation pursuant to various tax holidays or investment tax credits, other than certain exemptions or tax credits that have been grandfathered for the purposes of calculating AMT. The AMT rate for business entities is 12%. In addition to the statutory corporate taxes payable, or the AMT, corporate taxpayers inTaiwan are subject to an additional tax on distributable retained earnings (after statutory legal reserves) to the extent that such earnings are not distributed prior to the end of the subsequent year. This undistributed earnings surtax is determined in the subsequent year when the distribution plan relating to earnings attributable to the prior year is approved by a company's stockholders and is payable in the subsequent year. The surtax rate has been reduced from 10% to 5%, starting applicable to the undistributed retained earnings of the year endedAugust 31, 2019 . Because most of our subsidiaries inTaiwan incurred losses before income tax for both our fiscal year 2022 and 2021, we do not expect to pay such taxes on undistributed earnings. In addition, in accordance with the Taiwan Income Tax Act, dividends distributed by companies incorporated in accordance with the Taiwan Company Act shall be deemed as income derived from sources inTaiwan and income taxes shall be levied on the shareholders receiving such dividends. In the event that aTaiwan incorporated company distributes dividends to its foreign shareholders, it will be required to withhold tax payable by the foreign shareholders at the time of payment at a rate of 20% or a lower tax treaty rate if applicable. Therefore, dividends received from our subsidiaries inTaiwan , if any, will be subjected to withholding tax underTaiwan law. As ofAugust 31, 2022 , we had total foreign net operating loss carryforwards of$96 million , arising primarily from certain of our consolidated and majority owned subsidiaries inTaiwan , which will expire in various amounts in future years. Pursuant to the Taiwan Income Tax Act, as amended inJanuary 2009 , net operating loss carryforwards can be carried forward for a period of ten years.
Income Taxes
We are subject to income taxes in boththe United States and foreign jurisdictions. Significant management judgment is required in determining our income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. Our deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in our consolidated statements of operations become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws or when loss or credit carryforwards are utilized. Realization of these deferred tax assets is dependent on our ability to earn future taxable income against which these deductions, losses and credits can be utilized. Therefore, we assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not more likely than not, a valuation allowance is established. These estimates and judgments about our future taxable income are based on assumptions that are consistent with our future plans. A net cumulative loss in recent years is a significant piece of negative evidence in determining the realization of the benefits of deferred tax assets. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. We have provided a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets because our cumulative losses in recent years causes us to believe that realization of our deferred tax assets is not more likely than not.
Inventory Valuation
Inventories consist of raw materials, work in process and finished goods and are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine cost using a weighted average. For work in process and manufactured inventories, cost consists of raw materials, direct labor and an allocated portion of our production overhead. At each balance sheet date, we evaluate our ending inventories for excess quantities and obsolescence, and we write down our inventory to its estimated net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Our estimation of future demand is primarily based on the backlog of customer orders as of the balance sheet date and projections based on our actual historical sales trends and customers' demand forecast. We evaluated our inventories on an individual item basis. For our finished goods and work in process, if the estimated net realizable value for an inventory item, which is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs to completion and disposal, is lower than its cost, the specific inventory item is written down to its estimated net realizable value. Market for raw materials is based on replacement cost. We also write down items that are considered obsolete based upon changes in customer demand, manufacturing process changes or new product introductions that may eliminate demand for the product. Once written down, inventories are carried at this lower amount until sold or scrapped. Provisions for inventory writedowns are included in our costs of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. There is significant judgment involved with the estimates of excess and obsolescence and if our estimates regarding customer demand or other factors are inaccurate or actual market conditions or technological changes are less favorable than those estimated by management, additional future inventory writedowns may be required that could adversely affect our operating results. Inventory writedowns totaled$807 thousand and$659 thousand for the years ended 31
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August 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. A majority of our inventory writedowns during the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021 was related to finished goods and work in process, primarily as a result of obsolescence.
Useful Life of Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation on property, plant and equipment is calculated using the straightline method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straightline method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. We make estimates of the useful life of our property, plant and equipment in order to determine depreciation expense to be recorded each reporting period based on similar assets purchased in the past and our historical experience with such similar assets, as well anticipated technological or market changes. The estimated useful life of our property, plant and equipment directly impacts the timing of when our depreciation expense is recognized. There is significant judgment involved with estimating the useful lives of our property, plant and equipment, and a change in the estimates of such useful lives could cause our depreciation expense in future periods to increase significantly.
Impairment of Longlived Assets
In assessing the recoverability of our longlived assets, we first, determine whether indicators of impairment are present. Circumstances such as the discontinuation of a product or product line, a sudden or consistent decline in the forecast for a product, changes in technology or in the way an asset is being used, a history of negative operating cash flow, or an adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, among others, may trigger an impairment review. Second, if we determine that indicators of impairment are present, we determine whether the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use and eventual disposal of the potentially impaired assets (or asset group) are less than the carrying amount. Third, if such estimated undiscounted cash flows do not exceed the carrying amount, we estimate the fair value of the asset (or asset group) and recognize an impairment charge if the carrying amount is greater than the fair value of the asset (or asset group). Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and thirdparty independent appraisers, as considered necessary. We group our longlived assets with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are generated, or an asset group. We determined that we have two asset groups for impairment testing purposes, one of which is associated with the manufacture and sale of LED chips and LED components, and the other is associated with ourNing Xiang subsidiary, which is engaged in the manufacture and sale of lighting fixtures and systems. The estimates of future cash flows involve subjective judgments and represent our best estimate at each date of assessment about future developments, determined based on reasonable and supportable assumptions and projections taking into account past experience, as well as market data obtained from independent external sources. The use of different assumptions could increase or decrease the estimates of expected future cash flows and consequently, increase or decrease the related impairment charges. For example, if the average selling prices continue to decline beyond the assumptions used in our forecast of future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset groups, or if demand for our LED products does not grow as we anticipate, or if utilization rates are lower than anticipated, it is reasonably possible that the estimate of expected future cash flows may change in the near term resulting in the need to adjust our determination of fair value. For the year endedAugust 31, 2022 , lower than projected sales of our LED products and lower market capitalization compared to our consolidated net book values again indicated potential impairment of our longlived assets. We projected undiscounted future cash flows to analyze potential impairment, based upon a variety of factors, including primarily our continuous efforts to suppress gross loss from chip sales and the cooperation model discussed with other parties, considering all known trends and uncertainties. The significant assumptions used in determining the estimated undiscounted cash flows for the LED chips and components asset group were revised to reflect the new operation status. Based on the assessment, the expected undiscounted cash flows to be generated by this asset group exceeded its carrying value. Consequently, no asset impairment was recognized during the year endedAugust 31, 2022 .
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We believe that the application of the following accounting policies, which are important to our financial position and results of operations, require significant judgments and estimates on the part of management. For a summary of our significant accounting policies, including the accounting policies discussed below, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes the amount of revenue when the Company satisfies a
performance obligation to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of
promised goods or services to customers. The Company obtains written purchase
authorizations from its customers as evidence of an arrangement and these
authorizations generally provide for a specified amount of product at a fixed
price. Generally, the Company considers delivery to have occurred at the time of
shipment as this is generally when title and risk of loss for the products will
pass to the customer. The Company provides its customers with limited rights of
return for non-conforming shipments and product warranty
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claims. Based on historical return percentages, which have not been material to date, and other relevant factors, the Company estimates its potential future exposure on recorded product sales, which reduces product revenues in the consolidated statements of operations and reduces accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company also provides standard product warranties on its products, which generally range from three months to two years. Management estimates the Company's warranty obligations as a percentage of revenues, based on historical knowledge of warranty costs and other relevant factors. To date, the related estimated warranty provisions have been insignificant. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for our revenue recognition policies.
Accounts Receivable
The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on management's assessment of the collectability of customer accounts. Management regularly reviews the allowance by considering certain factors such as historical experience, industry data, credit quality, age of accounts receivable balances and current economic conditions that may affect a customer's ability to pay. Bad debt expenses were recognized$126 thousand and$540 thousand during the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Write-down of Inventories
The Company writes down excess and obsolete inventory to its estimated net realizable value. The net realized value of inventories is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and disposal. The estimation of net realized value is based on current market conditions and historical experience with product sales of similar nature. Changes in market conditions may have a material impact on the estimation of the net realizable value. For finished goods and work in process, if the estimated net realizable value for an inventory item, which is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predicable costs to completion and disposal, is lower than its cost, the specific inventory item is written down to its estimated net realizable value. Net realizable value for raw materials is based on replacement cost. Provisions for inventory write downs are included in cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. Once written down, inventories are carried at this lower cost basis until sold or scrapped. Inventory writedowns to estimated net realizable values for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021 were$807 thousand and$659 thousand , respectively.
Exchange Rate Information
We are aDelaware corporation and, underSEC requirements, must report our financial position, results of operations and cash flows in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted inthe United States of America , orU.S. GAAP. At the same time, our subsidiaries use the local currency as their functional currency. For example, the functional currency for Taiwan SemiLEDs is the NT dollar. The assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries are, therefore, translated intoU.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at each balance sheet date, and income and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded to a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within equity. Any gains and losses from transactions denominated in currencies other than their functional currencies are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as a separate component of other income (expense). Due to exchange rate fluctuations, such translated amounts may vary from quarter to quarter even in circumstances where such amounts have not materially changed when denominated in their functional currencies. The translations from NT dollars toU.S. dollars were made at the exchange rates set forth in the statistical release of theBank of Taiwan . OnAugust 31, 2022 the exchange rate was 30.44 NT dollars toone U.S. dollar . OnOctober 31, 2022 , the exchange rate was 32.22 NT dollars toone U.S. dollar . No representation is made that the NT dollar orU.S. dollar amounts referred to herein could have been or could be converted intoU.S. dollars or NT dollars, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. 33
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Table of Contents Results of Operations The following table sets forth, for the periods presented, our consolidated statements of operations information. In the table below and throughout this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," the following consolidated statement of operations data for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10K. The information contained in the table below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10K. The historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period: Years Ended August 31, 2022 2021 % of % of $ Revenues $ Revenues (in thousands) Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: Revenues, net$ 7,051 100 %$ 4,735 100 % Cost of revenues 5,654 80 % 3,702 78 % Gross profit 1,397 20 % 1,033 22 % Operating expenses: Research and development 1,484 21 % 1,623 34 % Selling, general and administrative 3,309 47 % 3,614 76 % Gain on disposals of long-lived assets, net (196 ) (3 ) % (286 ) (6 ) % Total operating expenses 4,597 65 % 4,951 104 % Loss from operations (3,200 ) (45 ) % (3,918 ) (82 ) % Other income (expenses): Interest expenses, net (369 ) (5 ) % (371 ) (8 ) % Other income, net 1,485 21 % 1,090 23 % Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net (642 ) (9 ) % 342 7 % Total other income, net 474 7 % 1,061 22 % Loss before income taxes (2,726 ) (38 ) % (2,857 ) (60 ) % Income tax expense - - - - Net loss (2,726 ) (38 ) % (2,857 ) (60 ) % Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests 18 - % (6 ) - % Net loss attributable toSemiLEDs stockholders$ (2,744 ) (38 ) %$ (2,851 ) (60 ) %
Year Ended
Years Ended August 31,
2022 2021
% of % of Change Change
$ Revenues $ Revenues $ %
(in thousands)
LED chips $ 166 2 % $ 171 4 % $ (5 ) (3 ) %
LED components 4,872 69 % 3,259 69 % 1,613 49 %
Lighting products 533 8 % 730 15 % (197 ) (27 ) %
Other revenues (1) 1,480 21 % 575 12 % 905 157 %
Total revenues, net 7,051 100 % 4,735 100 % 2,316 49 %
Cost of revenues 5,654 80 % 3,702 78 % 1,952 53 %
Gross profit $ 1,397 20 % $ 1,033 22 % $ 364 35 %
(1) Other includes primarily revenues attributable to the sale of epitaxial wafers, scraps and raw materials, the provision of services and the lease of manufacturing as well as research and development facilities.
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Table of Contents Revenues, net Our revenues increased by 49% from$4.7 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 to$7.1 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 . The increase in revenues was driven primarily by a$1.6 million increase in revenues attributable to sales of LED components and a$905 thousand increase in other revenues, offset in part by a$202 thousand decrease in revenues attributable to the sales of LED chips and lighting products. Revenues attributable to the sales of our LED components increased by 49% from$3.3 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 to$4.9 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 . The increase in revenues attributable to sales of LED components was primarily due to a result of higher volume of sales of LED components products. We have adopted a strategy to adjust our product mix by exiting certain high volume but low unit selling price product lines in response to the general trend of lower average selling prices for products that have been available in the market for some time and to focus on the profitable products. Revenues attributable to the sales of lighting products represented 8% and 15% of our revenues for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease in revenues attributable to the sales of lighting products was mainly due to a lower in demand on LED luminaries and retrofits and fewer non-recurring project-based orders for LED lighting products.
Revenues attributable to the sales of our LED chips represented 2% and 4%,
respectively, of our revenues for the years ended
Revenues attributable to other revenues represented 21% and 12% of our revenues for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in revenues attributable to other revenues was primarily due to the provision of services and the sale of raw materials.
Cost of Revenues
Our cost of revenues increased by 53% from$3.7 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 to$5.7 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 . The increase in cost of revenues was primarily due to the increase of volumes sold in LED components and lighting products. Inventory writedowns totaled$807 thousand and$659 thousand for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. A majority of our inventory write-downs during the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021 was related to finished goods and work in process, primarily as a result of obsolescence. Gross Profit Our gross profit increased from$1.0 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 to$1.4 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 . Our gross margin percentage was 20% for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 , as compared to 22% for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 as a result of an increase in the sales of products with lower margin. Operating Expenses Years Ended August 31, 2022 2021 % of % of Change Change $ Revenues $ Revenues $ % (in thousands) Research and development$ 1,484 21 %$ 1,623 34 %$ (139 ) (9 ) % Selling, general and administrative 3,309 47 % 3,614 76 % (305 ) (8 ) % Gain on disposals of long-lived assets, net (196 ) (3 ) % (286 ) (6 ) % 90 (31 ) % Total operating expenses$ 4,597 65 %$ 4,951 104 %$ (354 ) (7 ) % Research and development. Our research and development expenses decreased from$1.6 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 to$1.5 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 . The slight decrease was primarily due to a$173 thousand decrease in materials and supplies used in research and development, offset partially by an increase in payroll expense and other operating expenses. Selling, general and administrative. Our selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from$3.6 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 to$3.3 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 . The decrease was mainly attributable to a$497 thousand decrease in bad debt expense, offset partially by an increase in payroll expense, shipping and freight fees, and other various expenses. 35
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Gain on disposal of longlived assets, net. We recognized a gain of$196 thousand and$286 thousand , net on the disposal of long-lived assets for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease in the fiscal year endedAugust 31, 2022 was primarily due to excess capacity charges that we have suffered for several years. In light of the risk of technological obsolescence and according to the production plan built based on our sales forecast, we disposed of certain of our idle equipment. Other Income (Expenses) Years Ended August 31, 2022 2021 % of % of $ Revenues $ Revenues (in thousands) Interest expenses, net$ (369 ) (5 ) %$ (371 ) (8 ) % Other income, net 1,485 21 % 1,090 23 % Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net (642 ) (9 ) % 342 7 % Total other income, net$ 474 7 %$ 1,061 22 %
Interest expenses, net. Interest expenses, net which primarily consisted of
accrued interest on convertible notes, NT dollar denominated long-term notes and
Other income, net. Other income, net increase from
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss), net. We recognized a net foreign currency transaction loss of$642 thousand and a net gain of$342 thousand for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily due to the appreciation of theU.S. dollar against the NT dollar from bank deposits and accounts payables held byTaiwan SemiLEDs and Taiwan Bandaoti Zhaoming Co., Ltd. in currency other than the functional currency of such subsidiaries.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Our effective tax rate is expected to be approximately zero for both fiscal 2022 and 2021, since Taiwan SemiLEDs incurred losses, and because we provided a full valuation allowance on all deferred tax assets, which consisted primarily of net operating loss carryforwards and foreign investment loss. As ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized full valuation allowances of$22.5 million and$33.8 million , respectively, on our net deferred tax assets to reflect uncertainties related to our ability to utilize these deferred tax assets, which consist primarily of certain net operating loss carryforwards and foreign investment loss. We considered both positive and negative evidence, including forecasts of future taxable income and our cumulative loss position, and continued to report a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets as of bothAugust 31, 2022 and 2021. We continue to review all available positive and negative evidence in each jurisdiction and our valuation allowance may need to be adjusted in the future as a result of this ongoing review. Given the magnitude of our valuation allowance, future adjustments to this allowance based on actual results could result in a significant adjustment to our results of operations. As ofAugust 31, 2022 , we hadU.S. federal net operating loss ("NOLs") carryforwards of$3 million , which will expire in various amounts beginning in our fiscal 2025. NOLs generated in tax years prior toAugust 31, 2018 can be carried forward for twenty years, whereas NOLs generated afterAugust 31, 2018 can be carried forward indefinitely. Utilization of these net operating losses carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation due to applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and local tax laws if we have experienced an "ownership change" in the past, or if an ownership change occurs in the future. 36
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As ofAugust 31, 2022 , we had total foreign net operating loss carryforwards of$96 million , arising primarily from certain of our consolidated and majority owned subsidiaries inTaiwan . Pursuant to the Taiwan Income TaxAct, as amended inJanuary 2009 , net operating losses carryforwards can be carried forward for a period of ten years.
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Years Ended August 31,
2022 2021
% of % of
$ Revenues $ Revenues
(in thousands)
Net Income (Loss) attributable to
noncontrolling interests $ 18 - % $ (6 ) - %
We recognized net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $18
thousand and a net loss attributable to non-controlling interests of $6 thousand
for the year ended August 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which was
attributable to the share of the net losses of Taiwan Bandaoti Zhaoming Co.,
Ltd. held by the non-controlling holders. Non-controlling interests represented
2.63% and 3.05% equity interest in Taiwan Bandaoti Zhaoming Co., Ltd. as of
August 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
This section includes a discussion and analysis of our cash requirements, contingencies, sources and uses of cash, operations, working capital and long-term assets and liabilities.
Contingencies
We have several operating leases with third parties, primarily for land, plant and office spaces inTaiwan , including cancellable and noncancelable leases that expire at various dates betweenDecember 2024 andDecember 2040 . See Note 6, "Commitments and Contingencies" in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.
Sources and Uses of Cash
As ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of$4.3 million and$4.8 million , respectively, which were predominately held inU.S. dollar denominated demand deposits and/or money market funds. We require cash to fund our operating expenses, working capital requirements and service our debts, including principal and interest.
Long-term assets and liabilities
Our long-term assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, operating lease assets and investments in unconsolidated entities. Our manufacturing rationalization plans have included efforts to utilize our existing manufacturing assets and supply arrangements more efficiently. We believe that near-term access to additional manufacturing capacity, should it be required, could be readily obtained on reasonable terms through manufacturing agreements with third parties. We will continue to look for opportunities to make strategic manufacturing in the future for additional capacity.
Our long-term liabilities consist primarily long-term debt and operating lease liabilities.
Our long-term debt, which consisted of NT dollar denominated long-term notes, convertible unsecured promissory notes, and loans from our Chairman and our largest shareholder, totaled$6.9 million and$7.7 million as ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our NT dollar denominated long-term notes, totaled$2.4 million and$3.2 million as ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These long-term notes consisted of two loans which we entered into onJuly 5, 2019 , with aggregate amounts of$3.2 million (NT$100 million ). The first loan originally for$2.0 million (NT$62 million ) has an annual floating interest rate equal to the NTD base lending rate plus 0.64% (or 1.815% currently), and was exclusively used to repay the existing loans. The second loan originally for$1.2 million (NT$38 million ) has an annual floating interest rate equal to the NTD base lending rate plus 1.02% (or 2.195% currently) and is available for operating capital. These loans are secured by an$82 thousand (NT$2.5 million ) security deposit and a first priority security interest on the Company's headquarters building. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the bank agreed to give us a deferment period for twelve months starting fromMay 2020 untilApril 2021 . During this period, we did not need to pay the monthly payments of the principal but only the interest.
•
Starting fromMay 2021 , the first note payable requires monthly payments of principal in the amount of$25 thousand plus interest over the 74-month term of the note with final payment to occur inJuly 2027 and, as ofAugust 31, 2022 , our outstanding balance on this note payable was approximately$1.5 million . 37
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•
Starting fromMay 2021 , the second note payable requires monthly payments of principal in the amount of$15 thousand plus interest over the 74-month term of the note with final payment to occur inJuly 2027 and, as ofAugust 31, 2022 , our outstanding balance on this note payable was approximately$0.9 million .
Property, plant and equipment pledged as collateral for our notes payable were
OnJanuary 8, 2019 , we entered into loan agreements with each of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and our largest shareholder, with aggregate amounts of$3.2 million , and an annual interest rate of 8%. All proceeds of the loans were exclusively used to return the deposit toFormosa Epitaxy Incorporation in connection with the proposed sale of our headquarters building pursuant to the agreement datedDecember 15, 2015 . We were initially required to repay the loans of$1.5 million onJanuary 14, 2021 and$1.7 million onJanuary 22, 2021 , respectively. OnJanuary 16, 2021 , the maturity date of these loans was extended with same terms and interest rate for one year toJanuary 15, 2022 , and onJanuary 14, 2022 , the maturity date of these loans was further extended with same terms and interest rate for one more year toJanuary 15, 2023 . As ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, these loans totaled$3.2 million , respectively. The loans are secured by a second priority security interest on the Company's headquarters building. OnNovember 25, 2019 and onDecember 10, 2019 , we issued convertible unsecured promissory notes to each of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and our largest shareholder (the "Holders"), with a principal sum of$2 million and an annual interest rate of 3.5%. Principal and accrued interest was due on demand by the Holders on and at any time afterMay 30, 2021 (the "Maturity Date"). The outstanding principal and unpaid accrued interest of the Notes may be converted into our Common Stock based on a conversion price of$3 dollars per share, at the option of the Holders any time from the date of the Notes. OnMay 25, 2020 , the Holders each converted$300 thousand of notes into 100,000 shares of our common stock. OnMay 26, 2021 , the Notes were extended with the same terms and interest rate for one year and were scheduled to mature onMay 30, 2022 , and onMay 26, 2022 , the Notes were further extended with the same terms and interest rate for one year and now mature onMay 30, 2023 . As ofAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, the outstanding principal of these notes totaled$1.4 million .
Working Capital
We have incurred significant losses since inception, including net losses attributable toSemiLEDs stockholders of$2.7 million and$2.9 million during the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net cash used in operating activities for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 was$1.5 million . As ofAugust 31, 2022 , we had cash and cash equivalents of$4.3 million . We have undertaken actions to decrease losses incurred and implemented cost reduction programs in an effort to transform the Company into a profitable operation. In addition, we are planning to issue additional equity to our stockholders. OnJuly 6, 2021 , we entered into a Sales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") withRoth Capital Partners, LLC (the "Agent"). In accordance with the terms of the Sales Agreement, we may offer and sell from time to time through the Agent our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to$20,000,000 (the "Placement Shares"). Sales of the Placement Shares will be made on Nasdaq at market prices by any method permitted by law deemed to be an "at the market offering" as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. We will pay a commission to the Agent of 3.0% of the gross proceeds of the sale of the Placement Shares sold under the Agreement and reimburse the Agent for certain expenses. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, we sold 344,391 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of$4.2 million with$125 thousand paid as placement agent fees under our ATM program. During the year endedAugust 31, 2022 , we sold 286,328 shares of common stocks for gross proceeds of$995 thousand with$31 thousand paid as placement agent fees under our ATM program. 38
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We estimate that our cash requirements to service debt and contractual obligations in fiscal 2023 is approximately$5.1 million , which we expect to fund through the issuance of additional equity under the ATM program. Based on our current financial projections and assuming the successful implementation of our liquidity plans, we believe that we will have sufficient sources of liquidity to fund our operations and capital expenditure plans for the next 12 months and beyond. However, there can be no assurances that our planned activities will be successful in raising additional capital, reducing losses and preserving cash. If we are not able to generate positive cash flows from operations, we may need to consider alternative financing sources and seek additional funds through public or private equity financings or from other sources, or refinance our indebtedness, to support our working capital requirements or for other purposes. There can be no assurance that additional debt or equity financing will be available to us or that, if available, such financing will be available on terms favorable to us. We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial conditions, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to our common stock.
Cash Flows
The following summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated has been derived from our consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10K (in thousands):
Years Ended August 31,
2022 2021
Net cash used in operating activities$ (1,508 ) $ (1,737 ) Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities$ (113 ) $
159
Net cash provided by financing activities$ 490 $
3,990
Cash Flows Used in Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was$1.5 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 , consisting primarily of a net loss of$2.7 million and a decrease in inventory of$940 thousand and accounts payable of$388 thousand , partially offset by depreciation and amortization of$938 thousand and stock based compensation expense of$459 thousand and provision for inventory write-down of$807 thousand . Net cash used in operating activities was$1.7 million for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 , consisting primarily of a net loss of$2.9 million and a decrease in inventory of$2 million and gain on disposal of long-live assets of$286 thousand , partially offset by depreciation and amortization of$897 thousand and stock based compensation expense of$186 , bad debt expense of$540 thousand and provision for inventory write-downs of$659 thousand and decreased in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of$578 thousand .
Cash Flows (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was$113 thousand for the year endedAugust 31, 2022 , consisting primarily of the proceeds from the sales of property, plant and equipment of$196 thousand as a result of the disposal of idle machinery, partially offset by a$280 thousand in cash used in the purchase of machinery and equipment and a$13 thousand for development of intangible assets. Net cash provided by investing activities was$159 thousand for the year endedAugust 31, 2021 , consisting primarily of the proceeds from the sales of property, plant and equipment of$291 thousand as a result of the disposal of idle machinery, partially offset by a$118 thousand in cash used in the purchase of machinery and equipment and a$14 thousand for development of intangible assets.
Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was
Net cash provided by financing activities was
Capital Expenditures
We had capital expenditures of$280 thousand and$118 thousand for the years endedAugust 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our capital expenditures consisted primarily of the purchases of machinery and equipment, construction in progress, prepayments for our manufacturing facilities and prepayments for equipment purchases. We expect to continue investing in capital expenditures in the future as we expand our business operations and invest in such expansion of our production capacity as we deem appropriate under market conditions and customer demand. However, in response to controlling capital costs and maintaining financial flexibility, our management continues to 39
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monitor prices and, consistent with its existing contractual commitments, may decrease its activity level and capital expenditures as appropriate.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
Please refer to 'Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Recent Accounting Pronouncements' for more details.
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