Lydie Hudson

President at Citation Capital Management LLC

45 year

Finance

Consumer Services

Health Services

Active connections

Name	Gender	Age	Linked companies	Collaboration
Erin Ganju	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Dinesh Shrestha	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Geetha Murali	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	15 years
John Wood	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Lynn Foden	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Mary D. Byron	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Tiffany Hagge	F	-	Citation Capital Management LLC Citation Capital Management LLC Investment ManagersFinance Citation Capital Management LLC operates as a private equity company. The company is based in Dallas, TX. The company was founded by Tiffany Hagge.	-
Scott Kapnick	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Craig Bruya	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
John Ridding	M	59	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	17 years
Timothy Koogle	M	72	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Yusuf Abdulla Yusuf Akbar Alireza	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Heather Simpson	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Dionysia L. Johnson-Massie	F	-	Women's Leadership Board	-
Ellyn Shook	F	61	Women's Leadership Board	-
Sonny Kalsi	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Victoria W. Tsai	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	3 years
Paula Madoff	F	56	Women's Leadership Board	-
Peter Grauer	M	79	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Carol Hamilton	F	71	Women's Leadership Board	-
Beth Jacobs	F	-	Women's Leadership Board	-
Elizabeth M. King	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Dan Stoner	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	6 years
Najoh Tita	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	3 years
Dudley MacFarlane	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Shauna Varvel	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Daniel Dees	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Christine Miyasaki	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Tamara Varga	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Carrie Bellotti	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Annie Cannon-Brookes	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Donna Yip	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Erica Wax	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Stanley Hainsworth	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	1 years
Hilary Valentine	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Pierre Towns	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Frank van Veenendaal	M	64	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	8 years
Janis Jones	F	75	Women's Leadership Board	-
Shekar Ayyar	M	60	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Scott E. Pardee	M	87	Middlebury College	24 years
John Lindfors	M	55	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	6 years
Patricia A. Wilmot	F	74	Women's Leadership Board	-
Susan Wojcicki	F	55	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	10 years
Andrew Thomas Balls	M	51	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Luis A. Crouch	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Sabine Chalmers	F	59	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	5 years
Beth Brooke	F	64	Women's Leadership Board	-
Jerry del Missier	M	62	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Fernando Reimers	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Anne Nobles	M	67	Women's Leadership Board	-
Gisselle Acevedo	F	66	Women's Leadership Board	-
Carl Huttenlocher	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Elio Sceti	M	58	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	5 years
Michael Cannon-Brookes	M	44	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	5 years
Rami Elghandour	M	45	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	1 years
Stasia Obremskey	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	5 years
Diego du Monceau de Bergendal	M	75	Harvard Business School	18 years
Tomoya Masanao	M	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	1 years
Melina Higgins	F	56	Women's Leadership Board	-
Kim Anstatt Morton	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-
Nancy Shyer	F	-	Room To Read Room To Read Miscellaneous Commercial ServicesCommercial Services Room to Read provides educational resources. The fir focuses on literacy and gender equality in education. It works with local communities, partner organizations and governments and develop literacy skills and a habit of reading among primary school children, and support girls to complete secondary school with the relevant life skills. The company was founded by Dinesh Shrestha, Erin Ganju and John Wood in 1999 and is headquartered in San Francisco, CA.	-

Connections Chart

Multi-company connection

Former connections

Name	Gender	Age	Linked companies	Collaboration
Alex Sloane	M	-	Harvard Business School	10 years
Ivana Budin Arhanic	F	-	Middlebury College Harvard Business School	7 years
Aaron Michel	M	-	Harvard Business School	3 years
Nigel M. Howard	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Mina Pacheco Nazemi	F	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Tomasz Artur Danis	M	45	Harvard Business School	2 years
Kathryn Haviland	F	48	Harvard Business School	2 years
Ling Yang	F	44	Harvard Business School	2 years
Vanessa Ann Bartram	F	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Matt Estep	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Lea Bajc	F	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Marc Herdegen	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Leslie Feinzaig	F	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Jacob Broder Fingert	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Lorin Wolfe	F	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Alexis DePree	F	45	Harvard Business School	2 years
Hector Gil	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Edis Jamyn	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Manish Mehta	M	47	Harvard Business School	2 years
Jeffrey A. Del Papa	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Thomas Carella	M	49	Harvard Business School	2 years
Eliot E. Kerlin	M	50	Harvard Business School	2 years
Fazeela A. Rashid	F	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Robb LeMasters	M	46	Harvard Business School	2 years
Pierre O. Py	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Thierry Bernard	M	60	Harvard Business School	4 years
Tarim Wasim	M	46	Harvard Business School	2 years
Danielle Hootnick	F	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Edward Sobol	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Carlos Miguel Galvez	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Quentin Chu	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Joseph Robbins	M	44	Harvard Business School	2 years
Jørgen Kildahl	M	61	Harvard Business School	4 years
Chris Steiner	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Samuel Clemens	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
John Doran	M	45	Harvard Business School	2 years
Nicholas Chan	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years
Aliceson Robinson	M	-	Harvard Business School	2 years

Statistics

Country	Connections	% of total
United States	99	100.00%

Age of Connections

Active

Past

Male

Female

Members of the board

Executives

Origin of connections