The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included therein and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, where certain terms have been defined.

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations includes forward-looking statements. We base these forward-looking statements on our current plans, expectations and beliefs about future events. There are risks, including the factors discussed in "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A and elsewhere in this Report, that our actual experience will differ materially from these expectations. For more information, see "Forward-Looking Information" below.

In this Report, except as the context suggests otherwise, the words "Company," "Atlanticus Holdings Corporation," "Atlanticus," "we," "our," "ours," and "us" refer to Atlanticus Holdings Corporation and its subsidiaries and predecessors.





OVERVIEW

We utilize proprietary analytics and a flexible technology platform to enable financial institutions to provide various credit and related financial services and products to everyday Americans. According to data published by Experian, 41% of Americans had FICO® scores of less than 700 as of the second quarter of 2019. A recent survey conducted by Highland Solutions found that 63% of Americans lived "paycheck to paycheck" and 82% of people do not have access to an emergency fund. We believe this equates to a population of over 100 million everyday Americans in need of additional access to credit. These consumers often have financial needs that are not effectively met by larger financial institutions. By facilitating fairly priced consumer credit and financial service alternatives with value added features and benefits specifically curated for the unique needs of these consumers, we endeavor to empower everyday Americans on a path to improved financial well-being.

Currently, within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we are applying the experiences gained and infrastructure built from servicing over $26 billion in consumer loans over our 24-year operating history to support lenders who originate a range of consumer loan products. These products include private label and general purpose credit cards originated by lenders through multiple channels, including retail and healthcare point-of-sale (collectively "point-of-sale"), direct mail solicitation, online and partnerships with third parties. In the point-of-sale channel, we partner with retailers and service providers in various industries across the U.S. to allow them to provide credit to their customers for the purchase of a variety of goods and services including consumer electronics, furniture, elective medical procedures, healthcare, educational services and home-improvements. The services of our bank partners are often extended to consumers who may not have access to financing options with larger financial institutions. We specialize in supporting this "second-look" credit service. Our flexible technology platform allows our bank partners to integrate our paperless process and instant decisioning platform with the technology infrastructure of participating retailers and service providers. Using this technology platform and proprietary analytics, lenders can make instant credit decisions utilizing hundreds of inputs from multiple sources and thereby offer credit to consumers overlooked by many providers of financing who focus exclusively on consumers with higher FICO scores. By supporting a range of products through a multitude of channels, we enable lenders to provide the right type of credit, whenever and wherever the consumer has a need.

We are principally engaged in providing products and services to lenders in the U.S. and, in most cases, we invest in the receivables originated by lenders who utilize our technology platform and other related services. From time to time, we also purchase receivables portfolios from third parties. In this Report, "receivables" or "loans" typically refer to receivables we have purchased from our bank partners or from third parties.

Using our infrastructure and technology platform, we also provide loan servicing, including risk management and customer service outsourcing, for third parties. Also through our Credit and Other Investments segment, we engage in testing and limited investment in consumer finance technology platforms as we seek to capitalize on our expertise and infrastructure.

Additionally, we report within our Credit and Other Investments segment: (1) the income earned from an investment in an equity-method investee that holds credit card receivables for which we are the servicer; and (2) gains or losses associated with investments previously made in consumer finance technology platforms. These include investments in companies engaged in mobile technologies, marketplace lending and other financial technologies. These investments are carried at the lower of cost or market valuation. None of these companies are publicly-traded and there are no material pending liquidity events. We will continue to carry the investments on our books at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes.

The recurring cash flows we receive within our Credit and Other Investments segment principally include those associated with (1) point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables, (2) servicing compensation and (3) credit card receivables portfolios that are unencumbered or where we own a portion of the underlying structured financing facility (such as those associated with our legacy credit card operations).

Subject to potential disruptions caused by COVID-19, we believe that our point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer receivables are generating, and will continue to generate, attractive returns on assets, thereby facilitating debt financing under terms and conditions (including advance rates and pricing) that will support attractive returns on equity, and we continue to pursue growth in this area.

Beyond these activities within our Credit and Other Investments segment, we invest in and service portfolios of credit card receivables.

Within our Auto Finance segment, our CAR subsidiary operations principally purchase and/or service loans secured by automobiles from or for, and also provide floor plan financing for, a pre-qualified network of independent automotive dealers and automotive finance companies in the buy-here, pay-here, used car business. We purchase auto loans at a discount and with dealer retentions or holdbacks that provide risk protection. Also within our Auto Finance segment, we are providing certain installment lending products in addition to our traditional loans secured by automobiles.

Subject to the availability of capital at attractive terms and pricing, we plan to continue to evaluate and pursue a variety of activities, including: (1) investments in additional financial assets associated with point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer finance and credit activities as well as the acquisition of interests in receivables portfolios; (2) investments in other assets or businesses that are not necessarily financial services assets or businesses and (3) the repurchase of our convertible senior notes and other debt and our outstanding common stock.

We elected the fair value option to account for certain loans receivable associated with our point-of-sale and direct-to-consumer platform that are acquired on or after January 1, 2020. We believe the use of fair value for these receivables more closely approximates the true economics of these receivables, better matching the yields and corresponding charge-offs. We believe the fair value option also enables us to report GAAP net income that provides increased transparency into our profitability and asset quality. Receivables arising in accounts originated prior to January 1, 2020 will continue to be accounted for in our 2020 and subsequent financial statements at amortized cost, net. We estimate the Fair Value Receivables using a discounted cash flow model, which considers various factors such as expected yields on consumer receivables, the timing of expected payments, customer default rates, estimated costs to service the portfolio, interest rates, and valuations of comparable portfolios. As a result of this fair value adoption, our loans, interest and fees receivable arising in accounts originated subsequent to January 1, 2020 will be carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized directly in earnings, and certain fee billings (such as annual membership fees and merchant fees) and origination costs associated with these receivables will no longer be deferred. We reevaluate the fair value of our Fair Value Receivables at the end of each quarter.





COVID-19 Pandemic

On March 13, 2020, a national emergency was declared under the National Emergencies Act due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of the date of filing this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the duration and severity of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic remain unknown. Likewise, we do not know the duration and severity of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all members of the Company's ecosystem - our bank partner, merchants and consumers - as well as our employees. In addition to instituting a Company-wide remote work program to ensure the safety of all employees and their families, we are communicating to employees on a regular basis regarding such efforts as planning for contingencies related to the COVID-19 pandemic, providing updated information and policies related to the safety and health of employees, and monitoring the ongoing pandemic for new developments that may impact the Company, our work locations or our employees and are taking reasonable measures.


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The following are anticipated key impacts on our business and response initiatives taken by the Company, in coordination with our partners, to mitigate such impacts:

Consumer spending behavior has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, principally due to restrictions on "non-essential" businesses, issuances of stay-at-home orders, and uncertainties about the extent and duration of the pandemic. Additionally, government stimulus programs have decreased consumer need for credit products and generally led to an increase in customer payments. While we have seen some improvements in this area, to the extent this change in consumer spending behavior continues, receivables purchases could decline relative to the prior year. The extent to which our merchants have remained open for business has varied across merchant category and geographic location within the U.S.

Borrowers impacted by COVID-19 requesting hardship assistance have been receiving temporary relief from payments. While we expect these measures to mitigate credit losses, we anticipate that the elevated unemployment rate, while partially mitigated by the effects of government stimulus and relief measures (such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act and the American Rescue Plan), may result in increased portfolio credit losses in the future.

As the impact of COVID-19 continues to evolve, the Company remains committed to serving our bank partner, merchants and consumers, while caring for the safety of our employees and their families. The potential impact that COVID-19 and related government stimulus and relief measures could have on our financial condition and results of operations remains highly uncertain. For more information, refer to Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" and, in particular, "- The global outbreak of COVID-19 has caused severe disruptions in the U.S. economy, and may have an adverse impact on our performance, results of operations and access to capital."

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